《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第4部分


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    und;idbecausethe

    egyptianuswasoverfivehundred

    feethig
………………………………

第8节

    h

    itveredrethanthirteenacresofdeserthree

    tisaschspaceasthatoccupiedbythechurchofst

    peter;thelargestedificeofthechristianworld

    duringtenwere

    busytheothersideofthe

    riverferryingthecrossthenilehoanaged

    todothis;innyinstances

    alongdistanceacrossthedesertandfinallyhoisting

    thentotheirrrectpositionbutsohekings

    artheirtaskthatthenarrow

    passagebintheheartofthe

    stonensterhasneveryetbeenpushedoutofshapebythe

    ofthosethousandsoftonsofstonehpressupon

    itfrollsides

    thestoryofegypt

    theriseandfallofegypt

    theriveileoccasionallyitwas

    ahardtasksterittaughtthepeoples

    banksthenobleartof‘‘teaeydependedupon

    eachothertobuildtheirirrigationtrenchesandkeeptheir

    dikesinrepairinthisheyleaedhoogetalong

    utualbenefitassociationquite

    easilydevelopedintoanorganisedstate

    thenonengreorepoostofhisneighbours

    andhebeunityandtheir

    nderinchiefheenviousneighboursofe

    asiainvadedtheprosperousvalleyindueurseofti

    hebeediterranean

    totheuntainsofthe

    butthesepoliticaladventuresoftheoldpharaohsthe

    eant‘‘thenhebighouserarely

    interestedthepatientandtoilingpeasantofthegrainfields

    providedheoretaxestohisking

    thanhethoughtjust;heacceptedtheruleofpharaohashe

    aightyosiris

    ite

    androbbedhifhispossessionsaftertycenturiesof

    independentlife;asavagearabtribeofshepherds;calledthe

    hyksos;attackedegyptandforfivehundredyearstheywere

    thestersofthevalleyoftheniletheywerehighlyun

    popularandgreathateforthehebrewswho

    catothelandofgoshentofindashelteraftertheirlong

    hroughthedesertandheforeign

    usurperbyactingashistaxgatherersandhiscivilservants

    butshortlyaftertheyear1700bcthepeopleofthebes

    beganarevolutionandafteralongstrugglethehyksoswere

    drivenoutoftheuntryandegyptore

    athousandyearslater;onqueredallof

    epartoftheeireofsardanapalus

    intheseventhorean

    independentstateheruleofakingwholivedin

    thecityofsaisinthedeltaofthenilebutintheyear525

    bc;cayses;thekingofthepersians;tookpossessionof

    egyptandinthefourthcenturybc;onquered

    byalexanderthegreat;egypttoobecaacedonian

    provinceitregainedaselanceofindependence

    selfupaskingofa

    neies;

    henecityofalexandria

    finally;intheyear89bethelast

    egyptianqueen;cleopatra;triedherbesttosavetheuntry

    herbeautyandan

    generalsthanhalfadozenegyptianarrpsteshe

    an

    nquerorsbutintheyear30bc;augustus;thenephew

    andheirofcaesar;landedinalexandriahedidnotshare

    hislateunclesadrationforthelovelyprincesshedestroyed

    herares;butsparedherlifethatheghtkeher

    rchinhistriuhaspartofthespoilsofwarwhen

    cleopatraheardofthisplan;shekilledherselfbytakingpoison

    andegyptbecaaronprovince

    sopotaa

    sopotaathesendcentreof

    eastecivilisation

    iaoingtotakeyoutothetopofthehighestpyrad

    andiaoingtoaskthatyouigineyourselfpossessed

    oftheeyesofahahedistance;far

    beyondtheyelloething

    greenandshieringitisavalleysituatedbetwo

    riversitistheparadiseoftheoldtestantitisthe

    landofsteryandia

    the‘‘untrybetherivers

    thenasofthetheeuphrateshe

    babylonianscalledthepurattuandthetigrishwas

    knoidstthe

    snoountainsofaiawherenoahsarkfound

    arestingplaceandsloheyflohroughthesouthe

    plainuntiltheyreachtheddybanksofthepersiangulf

    theyperforveryusefulservicetheytuthearid

    regionsofeasiaintoafertilegarden

    thevalleyofthenilehadattractedpeoplebecauseithad

    offeredtheooduponfairlyeasyterthe‘‘landbetween

    theriversereasonitwasa

    untryfullofproseandboththeinhabitantsofthenorthe

    untainsandthetribesedthroughthe

    southedesertstriedtoclaihisterritoryastheirownand

    stexclusivepossessionthenstantrivalrybethe

    untaineersandthedesertnodsledtoendlesswarfare

    onlythestrongestandthebravestuldhopetosurviveand

    thatiabecathehoofavery

    strongraeningacivilisation

    portantasthatofegypt

    thesurians

    thesuriannailers;lay

    tabletstellusthestoryofassyria

    andbabylonia;thegreatsetic

    ltingpot

    thefifteenthcenturydisveries

    luustriedtofindaotheislandofkathayand

    stuleduponaneedntinentanaustrian

    bishopequippedanexpeditionotraveleastward

    andfindthehoofthegranddukeofsvy;a

    voyagepletefailure;fors

    visitedbyenuntilagenerationlateranwhile

    acertainveianbythenaofbarberohadexploredthe

    ruinsofost

    curiouslanguageherocksof

    thetelesofshirazandengraveduponendlesspiecesof

    bakedclay

    buteuropeanyotherthingsanditwas

    notuntilthee
………………………………

第9节

    ndoftheeighteenthcenturythatthefirst

    ‘‘inscriptionssocalledbecausetheletterswere

    inwere

    broughttoeuropebyadanishsurveyor;nadniebuhr

    thenittookthirtyyearsbeforeapatientgeschool

    sterbythenaofgrotefendhaddecipheredthefirstfour

    letters;thed;thea;therandthesh;thenaofthepersian

    kingdariusandanothertyyearshadtogoby

    untilabritishofficer;henryraous

    inscriptionofbehistun;gaveusaothenail

    ingofeasia

    paredtotheproblefdecipheringthesenailings;

    thejobofchaollionhadbeenaneasyonethe

    egyptiansusedpicturesbutthesurians;theearliest

    inhabitantsofsopotaa;upontheideaof

    scratchingtheirabletsofclay;haddiscardedpictures

    entirelyandhadevolvedasystefvshapedfiguresh

    shotlennectionhthepicturesoutofhey

    hadbeendevelopedafeplesi

    aninthebeginningastar;hanailinto

    abricklookedasfollo}thissignhooo

    cuersoandafterashorteaningof

    ‘‘heavenplified

    inthisadeitevenreofapuzzle

    inthesa{illust}into{illust}

    andafishchangedfroillust}into{illust}thesun

    e{illust}

    iferianscripttodayakean

    {illust}looklike{illust}thissystefingdownour

    ideaslooksratherpliorethanthirtycenturies

    iteriansandthebabyloniansand

    theassyriansandthepersiansandallthedifferentraces

    heirothefertilevalley

    thestoryofsopotaaisoneofendlesswarfareand

    nquestfirstthesurianscafrohenorththey

    ountainsthey

    hadbeenaccustodtoheirgodsonthetopsof

    hillsaftertheyhadenteredtheplaintheynstructedartificial

    littlehillsontopofheybuilttheiraltarsthey

    didnotknoobuildstairsandtheythereforesurrounded

    theirtohslopinggalleriesourengineers

    haveborroayseeinourbigrailroad

    stationsonefloortoanother

    ayhaveborrothesurians

    buteriansirelyab

    sorbedbythoseracesthatenteredthefertilevalleyatalater

    datetheirtoidsttheruinsof

    sopotaathejeheyintoexile

    inthelandofbabylonandtheycalledtheowersofbabilli;

    ortowersofbabel

    inthefortietherianshad

    enteredsopotaatheyerwardsover

    poanytribesfrohe

    desertofarabiandialectandwhoare

    knoites;becauseintheoldendayspeoplebelieved

    theobethedire;oneofthe

    threesonsofnoahathousandyearslater;theakkadians

    ittotheruleofthearites;another

    seticdeserttriberabibuilthielf

    agnificentpalaceintheholycityofbabylonandwho

    gavehispeopleasetoflaadethebabylonianstate

    thebestadnisteredeireoftheancientthe

    hittites;youeetintheoldtestant;over

    ranthefertilevalleyanddestroyedevertheyuldnot

    carryauhefollowers

    ofthegreatdesertgod;ashur;selvesassyrians

    andadethecityofninevehthecenterofavast

    andterribleeireeasiaand

    egyptandgatheredtaxesfrontlesssubjectracesuntil

    theendoftheseventhcenturybeforethebirthofchristwhen

    theitictribe;reestablishedbabylonand

    dethatportantcapitalofthatday

    nebuchadnezzar;thebestknoheirkings;enuraged

    thestudyofsodeknoy

    andtheticsisallbaseduponcertainfirstprinciplesh

    hechaldeansintheyear538bca

    crudetribeofpersianshepherdsinvadedthisoldlandand

    overthrepireofthechaldeanstwohundredyears

    later;theyintuhrohegreat;

    eltingpotofsony

    setietherons

    andaftertherons;theturks;andsopotaa;thesend

    centreoftheeavastwildeess

    oundsofearthtoldastoryofancientglory

    ses

    thestoryofses;theleaderofthe

    jewishpeople

    sotiduringthetiethcenturybeforeourera;

    asllanduniortanttribeofseticshepherdshadleft

    itsoldho;outh

    oftheeuphrates;andhadtriedtofindneureshin

    thedoinofthekingsofbabyloniatheyhadbeendriven

    aovedward

    lookingforalittlepieceofunoccupiedterritoryhey

    ghtsetuptheirtents

    thistribeofshepherdshehebrewsor;as

    ;thejeheyhadwanderedfarandwide;

    andafteyyearsofdrearyperegrinationstheyhadbeen

    givenshelterinegyptforrethanfivecenturiesthey

    haddongtheegyptiansandheiradopteduntry

    hadbeenoverrunbythehyksosraudersasitold

    youinthestoryofegypttheyhadnagedtoketheelves

    usefultotheforeigninvaderandhadbeenleftinthe

    undisturbedpossessionoftheirgrazingfieldsbutaftera

    longheegyptianshaddriventhe

    hyksosoutofthevalleyofthenileandthenthejewshad

    euponeviltisfortheyhadbeendegradedtotherank

    ofnslavesandtheyhadbeenforcedtohe

    royalroadsandonthepyradsandasthefrontierswere

    guardedbytheegyptiansoldiersithadbeeniossiblefor

    thejeoescape

    afteyyearsofsufferingtheytheir

    serablefatebyayoungjeoses;whoforalong

    tihaddinthedesertandtherehadleaedtoappreciate

    thesilevirtuesofhisearliestancestors;

    aselves

    berruptedbytheeaseand
………………………………

第20节

    ountryhout

    kingtoonyspeechestheyaginative

    thanthegreeksandtheypreferredanounceofactiontoa

    poundofulti

    tudethe‘‘plebe;astheasselageoffreecitizensalled

    onlytooeuponretalkthey

    thereforeplacedtheactualbusinessofrunningthecityinto

    thehandsoftedbyauncilof

    elders;calledthesenatebecausetheeansan

    oldnasatterofcustondpracticaladvantagethe

    senatorsthenobilitybuttheirpowerhad

    beenstrictlydefined

    roatoihadpassedthroughthesasortof

    strugglebethepoorandtherichhhadforced

    athenstoadoptthelaethis

    nflicthadoccurredinthefifthcenturybcasaresultthe

    freenhadobtainedatendeoflaected

    thegainstthedespotisfthearistocraticjudgesbythe

    institutionofthe‘‘tribunethesetribunesy

    gistrates;electedbythefreentheyhadtherighttoprotect

    anyentofficials

    houghttobeunjustansulhadtherightto

    ndeantodeath;butifthecasehadnotbeenabsolutely

    provedthetribuneuldinterfereandsavethepoor

    fellowslife

    bute;iseeorefertoalittle

    cityofafehousandinhabitantsandtherealstrengthof

    rolayintheuntrydistrictsoutsideher

    entoftheseoutlyingprovincesthatro

    atanearlyageshoasalonising

    power

    inveryearlytisrohadbeentheonlystronglyfortified

    cityincentralitaly;butithadalable

    refugetootherlatintribesobeindangerof

    attackthelatinneighbourshadregnisedtheadvantages

    ofacloseunionhsuchapoheyhadtried

    tofindabasisforsoso
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