und;idbecausethe
egyptianuswasoverfivehundred
feethig
………………………………
第8节
h
itveredrethanthirteenacresofdeserthree
tisaschspaceasthatoccupiedbythechurchofst
peter;thelargestedificeofthechristianworld
duringtenwere
busytheothersideofthe
riverferryingthecrossthenilehoanaged
todothis;innyinstances
alongdistanceacrossthedesertandfinallyhoisting
thentotheirrrectpositionbutsohekings
artheirtaskthatthenarrow
passagebintheheartofthe
stonensterhasneveryetbeenpushedoutofshapebythe
ofthosethousandsoftonsofstonehpressupon
itfrollsides
thestoryofegypt
theriseandfallofegypt
theriveileoccasionallyitwas
ahardtasksterittaughtthepeoples
banksthenobleartof‘‘teaeydependedupon
eachothertobuildtheirirrigationtrenchesandkeeptheir
dikesinrepairinthisheyleaedhoogetalong
utualbenefitassociationquite
easilydevelopedintoanorganisedstate
thenonengreorepoostofhisneighbours
andhebeunityandtheir
nderinchiefheenviousneighboursofe
asiainvadedtheprosperousvalleyindueurseofti
hebeediterranean
totheuntainsofthe
butthesepoliticaladventuresoftheoldpharaohsthe
eant‘‘thenhebighouserarely
interestedthepatientandtoilingpeasantofthegrainfields
providedheoretaxestohisking
thanhethoughtjust;heacceptedtheruleofpharaohashe
aightyosiris
ite
androbbedhifhispossessionsaftertycenturiesof
independentlife;asavagearabtribeofshepherds;calledthe
hyksos;attackedegyptandforfivehundredyearstheywere
thestersofthevalleyoftheniletheywerehighlyun
popularandgreathateforthehebrewswho
catothelandofgoshentofindashelteraftertheirlong
hroughthedesertandheforeign
usurperbyactingashistaxgatherersandhiscivilservants
butshortlyaftertheyear1700bcthepeopleofthebes
beganarevolutionandafteralongstrugglethehyksoswere
drivenoutoftheuntryandegyptore
athousandyearslater;onqueredallof
epartoftheeireofsardanapalus
intheseventhorean
independentstateheruleofakingwholivedin
thecityofsaisinthedeltaofthenilebutintheyear525
bc;cayses;thekingofthepersians;tookpossessionof
egyptandinthefourthcenturybc;onquered
byalexanderthegreat;egypttoobecaacedonian
provinceitregainedaselanceofindependence
selfupaskingofa
neies;
henecityofalexandria
finally;intheyear89bethelast
egyptianqueen;cleopatra;triedherbesttosavetheuntry
herbeautyandan
generalsthanhalfadozenegyptianarrpsteshe
an
nquerorsbutintheyear30bc;augustus;thenephew
andheirofcaesar;landedinalexandriahedidnotshare
hislateunclesadrationforthelovelyprincesshedestroyed
herares;butsparedherlifethatheghtkeher
rchinhistriuhaspartofthespoilsofwarwhen
cleopatraheardofthisplan;shekilledherselfbytakingpoison
andegyptbecaaronprovince
sopotaa
sopotaathesendcentreof
eastecivilisation
iaoingtotakeyoutothetopofthehighestpyrad
andiaoingtoaskthatyouigineyourselfpossessed
oftheeyesofahahedistance;far
beyondtheyelloething
greenandshieringitisavalleysituatedbetwo
riversitistheparadiseoftheoldtestantitisthe
landofsteryandia
the‘‘untrybetherivers
thenasofthetheeuphrateshe
babylonianscalledthepurattuandthetigrishwas
knoidstthe
snoountainsofaiawherenoahsarkfound
arestingplaceandsloheyflohroughthesouthe
plainuntiltheyreachtheddybanksofthepersiangulf
theyperforveryusefulservicetheytuthearid
regionsofeasiaintoafertilegarden
thevalleyofthenilehadattractedpeoplebecauseithad
offeredtheooduponfairlyeasyterthe‘‘landbetween
theriversereasonitwasa
untryfullofproseandboththeinhabitantsofthenorthe
untainsandthetribesedthroughthe
southedesertstriedtoclaihisterritoryastheirownand
stexclusivepossessionthenstantrivalrybethe
untaineersandthedesertnodsledtoendlesswarfare
onlythestrongestandthebravestuldhopetosurviveand
thatiabecathehoofavery
strongraeningacivilisation
portantasthatofegypt
thesurians
thesuriannailers;lay
tabletstellusthestoryofassyria
andbabylonia;thegreatsetic
ltingpot
thefifteenthcenturydisveries
luustriedtofindaotheislandofkathayand
stuleduponaneedntinentanaustrian
bishopequippedanexpeditionotraveleastward
andfindthehoofthegranddukeofsvy;a
voyagepletefailure;fors
visitedbyenuntilagenerationlateranwhile
acertainveianbythenaofbarberohadexploredthe
ruinsofost
curiouslanguageherocksof
thetelesofshirazandengraveduponendlesspiecesof
bakedclay
buteuropeanyotherthingsanditwas
notuntilthee
………………………………
第9节
ndoftheeighteenthcenturythatthefirst
‘‘inscriptionssocalledbecausetheletterswere
inwere
broughttoeuropebyadanishsurveyor;nadniebuhr
thenittookthirtyyearsbeforeapatientgeschool
sterbythenaofgrotefendhaddecipheredthefirstfour
letters;thed;thea;therandthesh;thenaofthepersian
kingdariusandanothertyyearshadtogoby
untilabritishofficer;henryraous
inscriptionofbehistun;gaveusaothenail
ingofeasia
paredtotheproblefdecipheringthesenailings;
thejobofchaollionhadbeenaneasyonethe
egyptiansusedpicturesbutthesurians;theearliest
inhabitantsofsopotaa;upontheideaof
scratchingtheirabletsofclay;haddiscardedpictures
entirelyandhadevolvedasystefvshapedfiguresh
shotlennectionhthepicturesoutofhey
hadbeendevelopedafeplesi
aninthebeginningastar;hanailinto
abricklookedasfollo}thissignhooo
cuersoandafterashorteaningof
‘‘heavenplified
inthisadeitevenreofapuzzle
inthesa{illust}into{illust}
andafishchangedfroillust}into{illust}thesun
e{illust}
iferianscripttodayakean
{illust}looklike{illust}thissystefingdownour
ideaslooksratherpliorethanthirtycenturies
iteriansandthebabyloniansand
theassyriansandthepersiansandallthedifferentraces
heirothefertilevalley
thestoryofsopotaaisoneofendlesswarfareand
nquestfirstthesurianscafrohenorththey
ountainsthey
hadbeenaccustodtoheirgodsonthetopsof
hillsaftertheyhadenteredtheplaintheynstructedartificial
littlehillsontopofheybuilttheiraltarsthey
didnotknoobuildstairsandtheythereforesurrounded
theirtohslopinggalleriesourengineers
haveborroayseeinourbigrailroad
stationsonefloortoanother
ayhaveborrothesurians
buteriansirelyab
sorbedbythoseracesthatenteredthefertilevalleyatalater
datetheirtoidsttheruinsof
sopotaathejeheyintoexile
inthelandofbabylonandtheycalledtheowersofbabilli;
ortowersofbabel
inthefortietherianshad
enteredsopotaatheyerwardsover
poanytribesfrohe
desertofarabiandialectandwhoare
knoites;becauseintheoldendayspeoplebelieved
theobethedire;oneofthe
threesonsofnoahathousandyearslater;theakkadians
ittotheruleofthearites;another
seticdeserttriberabibuilthielf
agnificentpalaceintheholycityofbabylonandwho
gavehispeopleasetoflaadethebabylonianstate
thebestadnisteredeireoftheancientthe
hittites;youeetintheoldtestant;over
ranthefertilevalleyanddestroyedevertheyuldnot
carryauhefollowers
ofthegreatdesertgod;ashur;selvesassyrians
andadethecityofninevehthecenterofavast
andterribleeireeasiaand
egyptandgatheredtaxesfrontlesssubjectracesuntil
theendoftheseventhcenturybeforethebirthofchristwhen
theitictribe;reestablishedbabylonand
dethatportantcapitalofthatday
nebuchadnezzar;thebestknoheirkings;enuraged
thestudyofsodeknoy
andtheticsisallbaseduponcertainfirstprinciplesh
hechaldeansintheyear538bca
crudetribeofpersianshepherdsinvadedthisoldlandand
overthrepireofthechaldeanstwohundredyears
later;theyintuhrohegreat;
eltingpotofsony
setietherons
andaftertherons;theturks;andsopotaa;thesend
centreoftheeavastwildeess
oundsofearthtoldastoryofancientglory
ses
thestoryofses;theleaderofthe
jewishpeople
sotiduringthetiethcenturybeforeourera;
asllanduniortanttribeofseticshepherdshadleft
itsoldho;outh
oftheeuphrates;andhadtriedtofindneureshin
thedoinofthekingsofbabyloniatheyhadbeendriven
aovedward
lookingforalittlepieceofunoccupiedterritoryhey
ghtsetuptheirtents
thistribeofshepherdshehebrewsor;as
;thejeheyhadwanderedfarandwide;
andafteyyearsofdrearyperegrinationstheyhadbeen
givenshelterinegyptforrethanfivecenturiesthey
haddongtheegyptiansandheiradopteduntry
hadbeenoverrunbythehyksosraudersasitold
youinthestoryofegypttheyhadnagedtoketheelves
usefultotheforeigninvaderandhadbeenleftinthe
undisturbedpossessionoftheirgrazingfieldsbutaftera
longheegyptianshaddriventhe
hyksosoutofthevalleyofthenileandthenthejewshad
euponeviltisfortheyhadbeendegradedtotherank
ofnslavesandtheyhadbeenforcedtohe
royalroadsandonthepyradsandasthefrontierswere
guardedbytheegyptiansoldiersithadbeeniossiblefor
thejeoescape
afteyyearsofsufferingtheytheir
serablefatebyayoungjeoses;whoforalong
tihaddinthedesertandtherehadleaedtoappreciate
thesilevirtuesofhisearliestancestors;
aselves
berruptedbytheeaseand
………………………………
第20节
ountryhout
kingtoonyspeechestheyaginative
thanthegreeksandtheypreferredanounceofactiontoa
poundofulti
tudethe‘‘plebe;astheasselageoffreecitizensalled
onlytooeuponretalkthey
thereforeplacedtheactualbusinessofrunningthecityinto
thehandsoftedbyauncilof
elders;calledthesenatebecausetheeansan
oldnasatterofcustondpracticaladvantagethe
senatorsthenobilitybuttheirpowerhad
beenstrictlydefined
roatoihadpassedthroughthesasortof
strugglebethepoorandtherichhhadforced
athenstoadoptthelaethis
nflicthadoccurredinthefifthcenturybcasaresultthe
freenhadobtainedatendeoflaected
thegainstthedespotisfthearistocraticjudgesbythe
institutionofthe‘‘tribunethesetribunesy
gistrates;electedbythefreentheyhadtherighttoprotect
anyentofficials
houghttobeunjustansulhadtherightto
ndeantodeath;butifthecasehadnotbeenabsolutely
provedthetribuneuldinterfereandsavethepoor
fellowslife
bute;iseeorefertoalittle
cityofafehousandinhabitantsandtherealstrengthof
rolayintheuntrydistrictsoutsideher
entoftheseoutlyingprovincesthatro
atanearlyageshoasalonising
power
inveryearlytisrohadbeentheonlystronglyfortified
cityincentralitaly;butithadalable
refugetootherlatintribesobeindangerof
attackthelatinneighbourshadregnisedtheadvantages
ofacloseunionhsuchapoheyhadtried
tofindabasisforsoso
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