frenchpossessionstheportuguesepassedalaheyear
1858isedallslavestheirlibertyintyyears
froatethedutchabolishedslaveryin1863andinthe
sayeartsaralexanderiiretuedtohisserfsthatliberty
theorethanturies
before
intheunitedstatesofaricathequestionledtograve
difficultiesandaprolongedhoughthedeclaration
ofindependencehadlaiddoen
adefor
thosenandenhoworked
ontheplantationsofthesouthestatesastion;the
dislikeofthepeopleofthenorthfortheinstitutionofslavery
increasedandtheydenosecretoftheirfeelingsthesoutheers
hoedthattheyuldnotgroheirtton
ostfiftyyearsaghtydebate
ragedinboththengressandthesenate
thenorthreinedobdurateandthesouthgive
inpossibletoreachaprose;the
southestatesthreatenedtoleavetheunionitost
dangerouspointinthehistoryoftheunionnythings
‘‘ghthavehappenedthattheydidnothappenhe
an
onthesixthofnoveeroftheyear1860;abrahainln;
anillinoislaanadehisoellectual
fortune;hadbeenelectedpresidentbytherepublicans
rongintheantislaverystateshe
kneanbondageatfirsthandandhisshrewd
nsensetoldhihatthereonthenorthe
ntinentfortberofsouthe
statesseedthe‘‘nfederatestatesofarica;
linlnacceptedthechallengethenorthestates
eershundredsofthousandsof
youngnrespondedandtherefollowed
fouryearsofbittercivilh;betterprepared
andfollohebrilliantleadershipofleeandjackson;
repeatedlydefeatedthearesofthenorththenthe
enocstrengthofnehebeganto
tellanunknoeofgrantarosefrobscurity
andbecathecharlesrtelofthegreatslavewar
redhisghtyblohe
crulingdefencesofthesouthearlyintheyear1863;
presidentlinlnissuedhis‘‘enation
allslavesfreeinapriloftheyear1865lee
surrenderedthelastofhisbravearesatappottoxafew
dayslater;presidentlinlnurderedbyalunaticbut
hishtheexceptionofcubahwas
stillunderspanishdonation;slaveryhadetoanendin
everypartofthecivilisedworld
butanount
ofliberty;the‘‘freeenofeuropedidnotfarequiteso
atterofsurprisetonynteorary
assesofentheso
sheerserythey
livedindirtyhousessituatedinserablepartsoftheslu
theyatebadfoodtheyreceivedjustenoughschoolingto
fittheortheirtasksincaseofdeathoranaccident;their
faliesprovidedforbutthebreillery
interests;influenceuponthelegislature;
enuragedtheoforgettheir
unlitedquantitiesofverycheaprates
theenorusiroventakenplacesincethe
thirtiesandthefortiesofthela
………………………………
第99节
stcenturyisnotduetotheefforts
ofasinglenthebestbrainsoftionsdevoted
theelvestothetaskofsavingthethedisastrous
resultsofthealltoosuddenintroduachinery
theydidnottrytodestroythecapitalisticsystethiswould
havebeenveryfoolish;fortheacculatedhofother
people;aybeofverygreatbenefit
toallnkindbuttheytriedtobatthenotionthattrue
equalitycanexistbetanhandowns
thefactoriesandcanclosetheirdoorsathouttherisk
ofgoinghungry;andthelabourerusttakeeverjob
isoffered;atever;orfacetheriskof
starvationforhielf;hishildren
theyendeavouredtointroduceanueroflaed
therelationsbethefactoryohefactory
ershavebeenincreasingly
suajorityofthelabourers
areected;theirhoursarebeingreducedtothe
excellentaverageofeight;andtheirchildrenaresenttothe
sinepitandtotheof
thettonlls
butthereenplatedthesight
ofallthebelchingskestacks;herattleofthe
railroadtrains;hestorehousesfilledhasurplus
ofallsortsofterials;andate
goalthistrendousactivitye
theyreeredthatthehunracehadlivedforhundreds
ofthousandsofyearsrcialandindustrialpetition
uldtheychangetheexistingorderofthingsand
doaofrivalryan
happinesstoprofits
thisideathisvaguehopeforabetterdayrestricted
toasingleuntryinengland;robertohe
oanyttonlls;establishedasocalled‘‘socialistic
nityheprosperity
ofneetoanendandanattetoflouis
blanc;afrenchjoualist;toestablish‘‘socialworkshops
alloverfranber
ofsocialisticerssoonbegantoseethatlittleindividual
nitiesainedoutsideoftheregularindustrial
life;plishanythingatallit
entalprinciplesunderlying
theedies
uldbesuggested
thepracticalsocialistslikerobertowenandlouis
blancandfranisfouierheoretical
studentsofsocialisikekarlrxandfriedrichengelsof
thesetarxisthebestkno
jeilyhadforalongtilivedingeyhe
hadheardoftheexperintsofoandhebegan
tointeresthielfinquestionsoflabourandwagesand
uneloyntbuthisliberalvieadehieryunpopular
any;andheo
fleetobrusselsandthentolondon;wherehelivedapoorand
shabbylifeastherrespondentoftheneribune
noone;thusfar;hadpaidchattentiontohisbookson
enocsubjectsbutintheyear1864heorganisedthefirst
inteationalassociationofenandthreeyearslater
in1867;hepublishedthefirstvoluofhisrea
tisecalled‘‘capitalrxbelievedthatallhistorywasa
longstrugglebethosehose
havetheintroduachineryhad
createdaney;thatofthecapitalistswhoused
theirsurplushtobuythetoolshenusedby
thelabourerstoproducestillreh;hwasagainused
tobuildrefaeanwhile;
acrdingtorx;thethirdestatethebourgeoisie
hefourthestatetheproletariat
edthat
intheend;onenhehoftheworld
ployeesanddependentupon
hisgoodwill
topreventsuarxadvisedworking
nofalluntriestouniteandtofightforanuerofpolitical
andenocasureseratedinanifesto
intheyear1848;theyearofthelastgreateuropean
revolution
thesevieents
ofeurope;nyuntries;especiallyprussia;passed
severelaenwereordered
tobreakupthesocialistetingsandtoarrestthespeakers
butthatsortofperseartyrs
arethebestpossibleadvertisentsforanunpopularcause
ineuropethenuerofsocialistssteadilyincreasedandit
plateaviolent
revolutionbutheirincreasingpohedifferent
parliantstoprotetheinterestsofthelabouring
classessocialistsoactascabi
nisters;andtheyoperatedhprogressivecatholicsand
protestantstoundothedagethathadbeencausedbythe
industrialrevolutionandtobringaboutafairerdivisionof
thenybenefitsachinery
andtheincreasedproductionofh
theageofscience
buttheher
changeer
iortancethaneitherthepolitical
ortheindustrialrevolutions
aftergenerationsofoppression
andpersecution;thescientisthad
atlastgainedlibertyofaction
andheryingtodisver
thefundantallahgove
theuniverse
theegyptians;thebabylonians;thechaldeans;thegreeks
andtherons;hadallntributedsothingtothefirst
vaguenotionsofscienceandscientificinvestigationbutthe
greatgrationsofthefourthcenturyhaddestroyedtheclassical
editerranean;andthechristianchurch;h
oreinterestedinthelifeofthesoulthaninthelifeofthe
body;hadregardedsanarrogance
edtopryintodivineaffairshbelonged
totherealfalghtygod;andhereforelosely
relatedtothesevendeadlysins
therenaissanitedextenthadbroken
throughthisation;
hoakentherenaissanceintheearly16th
century;hadbeenhostiletotheidealsofthe‘‘neion;
andoncer
………………………………
第100节
ethenofsciencehreatenedhsevere
punishnt;shouldtheytrytopassbeyondthenarroits
ofkno
ourhthestatuesofgreatgenerals;atop
ofprancinghorses;leadingtheircheeringsoldierstoglorious
viodestslabofrbleannounces
thatanofsciencehasfoundhisfinalrestingplaceathousand
yearsfroohesethingsdifferently;
andthechildrenofthathappygenerationshallknow
ofthesplendidurageandthealstinnceivabledevotion
todutyofthenhepioneersofthatabstract
knoadeourdeical
possibility
nyofthesespt
andhuliationtheylivedingarretsanddiedindungeons
theydarednotprinttheiasonthetitlepagesof
theirbooksandtheydarednotprinttheiclusionsinthe
landoftheirbirth;butsggledthenusesecret
printingshopinaterdarhaarletheywereexposed
tothebitterentyofthechurch;bothprotestantandcatholic;
andons;incitingtheparishioners
toviolenceagainstthe‘‘heretics
hereandtheretheyfoundanasyluinholland;where
thespiritoftolerancerongest;theauthorities;while
regardingthesescientificinvestigationshlittlefavour;yet
refusedtointerfereofthoughtitbeca
alittleasyluorintellectuallibertyhand
englishandgephilosophersandtheticiansand
physiciansuldgotoenjoyashortspellofrestandgeta
breathoffreeair
inanotherchapterihavetoldyouhohe
greatgeniusofthethirteenthcentury;edforyears
frongasinglehegetintoneroublesh
theauthoritiesofthechurchandfivehundredyearslater;the
ntributorstothegreatphilosophic‘‘encyclopaediawereunder
thenstantsupervisionofthefrenchgendarriehalf
acenturyafteroquestionthestory
ofthean;asrevealedinthebible;ed
froverypulpitasaneneofthehunrace
eventoday;thepersecutionofthoseureintothe
unknoofsciencehasnotentirelyetoanend
andrbryanisaddressingavast
ltitudeonthe‘‘naceofdar;wainghishearers
againsttheerrorsofthegreatenglishnaturalist
allthis;hoeredetailthehathasto
bedoneinvariablygetsdone;andtheultiteprofitofthe
disveriesandtheinventionsgoestothessofthosesapeople
anofvisionasanunpracticalidealist
theseventeenthcenturyhadstillpreferredtoinvestigate
thefaroffheavensandtostudythepositionofour
plainrelationtothesolarsysteevenso;thechurchhad
disapprovedofthisunseeycuriosity;andpeicuswho
firstofallhadprovedthatthesunhecentreoftheuniverse;
didnotpublishhisilthedayofhisdeathgalileo
spentthegreaterpartofhislifeunderthesupervisionofthe
clericalauthorities;buthentinuedtousehistelespeand
providedisaaeassofpracticalobservations;
atheticianwhenhedis
veredtheexistenceofthatinterestinghabitoffallingobjects
etobeknohelaation
that;forthentatleast;exhaustedtheinterestinthe
heavens;andnbegantostudytheearththeinvention
ofaisylittlething;
byanthonyvanleeuhelasthalfofthe17th
icrospiccreatures
anyofhisailntsitlaid
thefoundationsofthescienceof‘‘bacteriologyhe
lastfortyyearshasdeliveredtheagreatnuerof
diseasesbydisveringthetinyorganishe
plaintitalsoalloakeare
carefulstudyofdifferentrocksandofthefossilsthepetrified
prehistoricplantsheyfounddeepbelohesurfaceof
theearththeseinvestigationsnvincedthehattheearth
stbeagreatdealolderthanatedinthebookof
genesisandintheyear1830;sircharleslyellpublishedhis
‘‘principlesofgeologyhestoryofcreationas
relatedinthebibleandgaveafarreion
ofsloent
atthesati;therquisdelaplacewasworkingon
aneadetheearthalittleblotch
inthenebulousseaoutofhad
beenfordandbunsenandkirchhoff;bytheuseofthe
spectrospe;icalpositionofthe
starsandofourgoodneighbour;thesun;s
hadfirstbeennoticedbygalileo
anostbitterandrelentlessh
theclerical
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