《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第39部分


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    frenchpossessionstheportuguesepassedalaheyear

    1858isedallslavestheirlibertyintyyears

    froatethedutchabolishedslaveryin1863andinthe

    sayeartsaralexanderiiretuedtohisserfsthatliberty

    theorethanturies

    before

    intheunitedstatesofaricathequestionledtograve

    difficultiesandaprolongedhoughthedeclaration

    ofindependencehadlaiddoen

    adefor

    thosenandenhoworked

    ontheplantationsofthesouthestatesastion;the

    dislikeofthepeopleofthenorthfortheinstitutionofslavery

    increasedandtheydenosecretoftheirfeelingsthesoutheers

    hoedthattheyuldnotgroheirtton

    ostfiftyyearsaghtydebate

    ragedinboththengressandthesenate

    thenorthreinedobdurateandthesouthgive

    inpossibletoreachaprose;the

    southestatesthreatenedtoleavetheunionitost

    dangerouspointinthehistoryoftheunionnythings

    ‘‘ghthavehappenedthattheydidnothappenhe

    an

    onthesixthofnoveeroftheyear1860;abrahainln;

    anillinoislaanadehisoellectual

    fortune;hadbeenelectedpresidentbytherepublicans

    rongintheantislaverystateshe

    kneanbondageatfirsthandandhisshrewd

    nsensetoldhihatthereonthenorthe

    ntinentfortberofsouthe

    statesseedthe‘‘nfederatestatesofarica;

    linlnacceptedthechallengethenorthestates

    eershundredsofthousandsof

    youngnrespondedandtherefollowed

    fouryearsofbittercivilh;betterprepared

    andfollohebrilliantleadershipofleeandjackson;

    repeatedlydefeatedthearesofthenorththenthe

    enocstrengthofnehebeganto

    tellanunknoeofgrantarosefrobscurity

    andbecathecharlesrtelofthegreatslavewar

    redhisghtyblohe

    crulingdefencesofthesouthearlyintheyear1863;

    presidentlinlnissuedhis‘‘enation

    allslavesfreeinapriloftheyear1865lee

    surrenderedthelastofhisbravearesatappottoxafew

    dayslater;presidentlinlnurderedbyalunaticbut

    hishtheexceptionofcubahwas

    stillunderspanishdonation;slaveryhadetoanendin

    everypartofthecivilisedworld

    butanount

    ofliberty;the‘‘freeenofeuropedidnotfarequiteso

    atterofsurprisetonynteorary

    assesofentheso

    sheerserythey

    livedindirtyhousessituatedinserablepartsoftheslu

    theyatebadfoodtheyreceivedjustenoughschoolingto

    fittheortheirtasksincaseofdeathoranaccident;their

    faliesprovidedforbutthebreillery

    interests;influenceuponthelegislature;

    enuragedtheoforgettheir

    unlitedquantitiesofverycheaprates

    theenorusiroventakenplacesincethe

    thirtiesandthefortiesofthela
………………………………

第99节

    stcenturyisnotduetotheefforts

    ofasinglenthebestbrainsoftionsdevoted

    theelvestothetaskofsavingthethedisastrous

    resultsofthealltoosuddenintroduachinery

    theydidnottrytodestroythecapitalisticsystethiswould

    havebeenveryfoolish;fortheacculatedhofother

    people;aybeofverygreatbenefit

    toallnkindbuttheytriedtobatthenotionthattrue

    equalitycanexistbetanhandowns

    thefactoriesandcanclosetheirdoorsathouttherisk

    ofgoinghungry;andthelabourerusttakeeverjob

    isoffered;atever;orfacetheriskof

    starvationforhielf;hishildren

    theyendeavouredtointroduceanueroflaed

    therelationsbethefactoryohefactory

    ershavebeenincreasingly

    suajorityofthelabourers

    areected;theirhoursarebeingreducedtothe

    excellentaverageofeight;andtheirchildrenaresenttothe

    sinepitandtotheof

    thettonlls

    butthereenplatedthesight

    ofallthebelchingskestacks;herattleofthe

    railroadtrains;hestorehousesfilledhasurplus

    ofallsortsofterials;andate

    goalthistrendousactivitye

    theyreeredthatthehunracehadlivedforhundreds

    ofthousandsofyearsrcialandindustrialpetition

    uldtheychangetheexistingorderofthingsand

    doaofrivalryan

    happinesstoprofits

    thisideathisvaguehopeforabetterdayrestricted

    toasingleuntryinengland;robertohe

    oanyttonlls;establishedasocalled‘‘socialistic

    nityheprosperity

    ofneetoanendandanattetoflouis

    blanc;afrenchjoualist;toestablish‘‘socialworkshops

    alloverfranber

    ofsocialisticerssoonbegantoseethatlittleindividual

    nitiesainedoutsideoftheregularindustrial

    life;plishanythingatallit

    entalprinciplesunderlying

    theedies

    uldbesuggested

    thepracticalsocialistslikerobertowenandlouis

    blancandfranisfouierheoretical

    studentsofsocialisikekarlrxandfriedrichengelsof

    thesetarxisthebestkno

    jeilyhadforalongtilivedingeyhe

    hadheardoftheexperintsofoandhebegan

    tointeresthielfinquestionsoflabourandwagesand

    uneloyntbuthisliberalvieadehieryunpopular

    any;andheo

    fleetobrusselsandthentolondon;wherehelivedapoorand

    shabbylifeastherrespondentoftheneribune

    noone;thusfar;hadpaidchattentiontohisbookson

    enocsubjectsbutintheyear1864heorganisedthefirst

    inteationalassociationofenandthreeyearslater

    in1867;hepublishedthefirstvoluofhisrea

    tisecalled‘‘capitalrxbelievedthatallhistorywasa

    longstrugglebethosehose

    havetheintroduachineryhad

    createdaney;thatofthecapitalistswhoused

    theirsurplushtobuythetoolshenusedby

    thelabourerstoproducestillreh;hwasagainused

    tobuildrefaeanwhile;

    acrdingtorx;thethirdestatethebourgeoisie

    hefourthestatetheproletariat

    edthat

    intheend;onenhehoftheworld

    ployeesanddependentupon

    hisgoodwill

    topreventsuarxadvisedworking

    nofalluntriestouniteandtofightforanuerofpolitical

    andenocasureseratedinanifesto

    intheyear1848;theyearofthelastgreateuropean

    revolution

    thesevieents

    ofeurope;nyuntries;especiallyprussia;passed

    severelaenwereordered

    tobreakupthesocialistetingsandtoarrestthespeakers

    butthatsortofperseartyrs

    arethebestpossibleadvertisentsforanunpopularcause

    ineuropethenuerofsocialistssteadilyincreasedandit

    plateaviolent

    revolutionbutheirincreasingpohedifferent

    parliantstoprotetheinterestsofthelabouring

    classessocialistsoactascabi

    nisters;andtheyoperatedhprogressivecatholicsand

    protestantstoundothedagethathadbeencausedbythe

    industrialrevolutionandtobringaboutafairerdivisionof

    thenybenefitsachinery

    andtheincreasedproductionofh

    theageofscience

    buttheher

    changeer

    iortancethaneitherthepolitical

    ortheindustrialrevolutions

    aftergenerationsofoppression

    andpersecution;thescientisthad

    atlastgainedlibertyofaction

    andheryingtodisver

    thefundantallahgove

    theuniverse

    theegyptians;thebabylonians;thechaldeans;thegreeks

    andtherons;hadallntributedsothingtothefirst

    vaguenotionsofscienceandscientificinvestigationbutthe

    greatgrationsofthefourthcenturyhaddestroyedtheclassical

    editerranean;andthechristianchurch;h

    oreinterestedinthelifeofthesoulthaninthelifeofthe

    body;hadregardedsanarrogance

    edtopryintodivineaffairshbelonged

    totherealfalghtygod;andhereforelosely

    relatedtothesevendeadlysins

    therenaissanitedextenthadbroken

    throughthisation;

    hoakentherenaissanceintheearly16th

    century;hadbeenhostiletotheidealsofthe‘‘neion;

    andoncer
………………………………

第100节

    ethenofsciencehreatenedhsevere

    punishnt;shouldtheytrytopassbeyondthenarroits

    ofkno

    ourhthestatuesofgreatgenerals;atop

    ofprancinghorses;leadingtheircheeringsoldierstoglorious

    viodestslabofrbleannounces

    thatanofsciencehasfoundhisfinalrestingplaceathousand

    yearsfroohesethingsdifferently;

    andthechildrenofthathappygenerationshallknow

    ofthesplendidurageandthealstinnceivabledevotion

    todutyofthenhepioneersofthatabstract

    knoadeourdeical

    possibility

    nyofthesespt

    andhuliationtheylivedingarretsanddiedindungeons

    theydarednotprinttheiasonthetitlepagesof

    theirbooksandtheydarednotprinttheiclusionsinthe

    landoftheirbirth;butsggledthenusesecret

    printingshopinaterdarhaarletheywereexposed

    tothebitterentyofthechurch;bothprotestantandcatholic;

    andons;incitingtheparishioners

    toviolenceagainstthe‘‘heretics

    hereandtheretheyfoundanasyluinholland;where

    thespiritoftolerancerongest;theauthorities;while

    regardingthesescientificinvestigationshlittlefavour;yet

    refusedtointerfereofthoughtitbeca

    alittleasyluorintellectuallibertyhand

    englishandgephilosophersandtheticiansand

    physiciansuldgotoenjoyashortspellofrestandgeta

    breathoffreeair

    inanotherchapterihavetoldyouhohe

    greatgeniusofthethirteenthcentury;edforyears

    frongasinglehegetintoneroublesh

    theauthoritiesofthechurchandfivehundredyearslater;the

    ntributorstothegreatphilosophic‘‘encyclopaediawereunder

    thenstantsupervisionofthefrenchgendarriehalf

    acenturyafteroquestionthestory

    ofthean;asrevealedinthebible;ed

    froverypulpitasaneneofthehunrace

    eventoday;thepersecutionofthoseureintothe

    unknoofsciencehasnotentirelyetoanend

    andrbryanisaddressingavast

    ltitudeonthe‘‘naceofdar;wainghishearers

    againsttheerrorsofthegreatenglishnaturalist

    allthis;hoeredetailthehathasto

    bedoneinvariablygetsdone;andtheultiteprofitofthe

    disveriesandtheinventionsgoestothessofthosesapeople

    anofvisionasanunpracticalidealist

    theseventeenthcenturyhadstillpreferredtoinvestigate

    thefaroffheavensandtostudythepositionofour

    plainrelationtothesolarsysteevenso;thechurchhad

    disapprovedofthisunseeycuriosity;andpeicuswho

    firstofallhadprovedthatthesunhecentreoftheuniverse;

    didnotpublishhisilthedayofhisdeathgalileo

    spentthegreaterpartofhislifeunderthesupervisionofthe

    clericalauthorities;buthentinuedtousehistelespeand

    providedisaaeassofpracticalobservations;

    atheticianwhenhedis

    veredtheexistenceofthatinterestinghabitoffallingobjects

    etobeknohelaation

    that;forthentatleast;exhaustedtheinterestinthe

    heavens;andnbegantostudytheearththeinvention

    ofaisylittlething;

    byanthonyvanleeuhelasthalfofthe17th

    icrospiccreatures

    anyofhisailntsitlaid

    thefoundationsofthescienceof‘‘bacteriologyhe

    lastfortyyearshasdeliveredtheagreatnuerof

    diseasesbydisveringthetinyorganishe

    plaintitalsoalloakeare

    carefulstudyofdifferentrocksandofthefossilsthepetrified

    prehistoricplantsheyfounddeepbelohesurfaceof

    theearththeseinvestigationsnvincedthehattheearth

    stbeagreatdealolderthanatedinthebookof

    genesisandintheyear1830;sircharleslyellpublishedhis

    ‘‘principlesofgeologyhestoryofcreationas

    relatedinthebibleandgaveafarreion

    ofsloent

    atthesati;therquisdelaplacewasworkingon

    aneadetheearthalittleblotch

    inthenebulousseaoutofhad

    beenfordandbunsenandkirchhoff;bytheuseofthe

    spectrospe;icalpositionofthe

    starsandofourgoodneighbour;thesun;s

    hadfirstbeennoticedbygalileo

    anostbitterandrelentlessh

    theclerical
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