keveryhappyfortheelectricenginehcanberun
bypanionableservantofnkind
butthe‘‘heatengine;therveloftheeighteenthcentury;
isanoisyanddirtycreatureforeverfillingtheh
ridiokestacksandhdustandsootandasking
thatitbefedinesat
greatinnvenienceandrisktothousandsofpeople
andifiuststick
tofaagination;ihe
happydaylootiveshallbetakentothe
seufnaturalhistorytobeplacednexttotheskeleton
ofthedynosaurandthepteredactylandtheotherextinct
creaturesofabygoneage
thesocialrevolution
butthenewengineswerevery
expensiveandonlypeopleofh
uldaffordthetheoldcarpenter
orshoekerwhohadbeenhis
oasterinhislittleworkshop
selfoutto
theoechanical
tools;andadere
neythanbefore;helosthis
forrindependenceandhedidnot
likethat
intheoldendaystheheworldhadbeendoneby
independentenintheirotleworkshopsin
thefrontoftheirhouses;heirtools;he
earsoftheiroitsprescribed
bytheirguilds;nductedtheirbusinessasitpleased
thetheylivedsilelives;andoworkvery
longhours;buttheyastersiftheygotup
andsahatitogofishing;theyfishing
andthereosay‘‘no
buttheintroduachinerychangedthisachine
isreallynothingbutagreatlyenlargedtoolarailroad
trainileanuteis
inrealityapairofveryfastlegs;andasteaaerh
flattensheavyplatesofironisjustaterriblebigfist;deof
steel
butanallaffordapairofgoodlegsanda
goodstrongfist;arailroadtrainandasteaaeranda
ttonfaachineryandthey
arenotoan;butusuallybyapanyof
peopleandthendividethe
profitsoftheirrailroadorttonllaount
ofneyheyhaveinvested
therefore;achineshadbeeniroveduntilthey
icableandprofitable;thebuildersofthose
largetools;theers
incash
duringtheearlyddleages;ost
theonlyforfh;thenobilityheonlypeople
hybutasihavetoldyouina
previouschapter;thegoldandsilverheypossessed
ofbarter;
exchangingwsforhorsesandeggsforhoneyduring
thecrusades;theburghersofthecitieshadbeenabletogather
richesfroherevivingtradebetheeastandthe;
andtheyhadbeenseriousrivalsofthelordsandtheknights
thefrenchrevolutionhadentirelydestroyedtheh
ofthenobilityandhadenoruslyiniddle
classor‘‘bourgeoisietheyearsofunresthe
greatrevolutionhadofferednyddleclasspeoplea
orethantheirshareofthishe
estatesofthechurchhadbeennfiscatedbythefrenchnvention
andhadbeensoldatauctiontherehadbeenaterrific
auntofgraftlandspeculatorshadstolenthousands
ofsquarelesofvaluableland;andduringthenapoleonic
heyhadusedtheircapitalto‘‘profiteeringrainand
gunpoorehthanthey
neededfortheactualexpensesoftheirhouseholds;andthey
uldaffordtobuildtheelvesfaenand
entoachines
thiscausedaveryabruptchangeinthelivesofhundreds
ofthousandsofpeoplehinafeanycities
doubledthenueroftheirinhabitantsandtheoldciviccentre
eofthecitizenswassurrounded
enslept
aftertheirelevenorthirteenhours;spentinthe
faheyretuedtothefactoryassoon
astheleblew
farandhroughtheuntrysidetherealkofthe
fabuloussuofneythatuldbedeinthetohe
peasantboy;accustodtoalifeintheopen;tothecity
herapidlylosthisoldhealthadsttheskeanddustand
dirtofthoseearlyandbadlyventilatedhe
end;veryoften;hinthepoorhouseorinthehospital
ofursethetothefactoryonthe
partofsonypeopleplishedhoutacertain
auntofoppositionsinuch
en;theniynineotherswhowere
throployntdidnotlikeitfrequentlytheyattacked
thefaachines;but
insurancepanieshadbeenorganisedasearlyasthe17th
centuryandasaruletheoectedagainstloss
soon;neachinesalled;thefactory
hahighhentherewasan
endtotheriotingtheancientguildsuldnotpossiblysurvive
inthisneandirontheyoutof
existenceandthentheentriedtoorganiseregularlabour
unionsbutthefactoryohroughtheirh
uldexercisegreatinfluenceuponthepoliticiansofthedi
………………………………
第97节
fferent
untries;tothelegislatureandhadlawspassed
ingofsuchtradeunionsbecausethey
interferedan
pleasedonotthinkthatthegoodersofparliant
heselayrantstheywere
thetruesonsoftherevolutionaryperiodwheneverybody
talkedof‘‘libertyandenkilledtheieighbours
becausetheyquiteaslibertylovingasthey
oughttohavebeensince‘‘libertyostvirtue
ofn;itrightthatlabourunionsshoulddictateto
theirersthehoursduringheyuldworkand
theustdendtheanstat
alltis;be‘‘freetosellhisserviarket;and
theeloyerstbeequally‘‘freetonducthisbusiness
ashesa;when
thestatehadregulatedtheindustriallifeoftheentire
nity;ingtoanendthene
insistedthatthestatestandentirelyasideandletrce
takeitsurse
thelasthalfofthe18therelybeena
tiofintelleic
ideas;too;hadbeenreplacedbyersuitedthe
needofthehourseveralyearsbeforethefrenchrevolution;
turgot;inistersof
financeoflouisxvi;hadpreachedthenoveldoctrineof
‘‘enoclibertyturgotlivedinauntryhhad
sufferedfroooanyregulations;too
nyoffianylaovethis
officialsupervision;hee;‘‘letthepeopledoastheyplease;
andeverythingousadviceof
‘‘laissezfairebecathebattlecryaroundists
ofthatperiodrallied;
atthesatiinengland;adathwasworking
onhisghtyvolusonthe‘‘hofnations;ade
anotherpleafor‘‘libertyandthe‘‘naturalrightsoftrade
thirtyyearslater;afterthefallofnapoleon;hereactionary
poheirvictoryatvienna;
thatsafreedothepeopleintheir
politicalrelationsintheirindustrial
life
thegeneraluseofchinery;asihavesaidatthebeginning
ofthischapter;provedtobeofgreatadvantagetothe
stateachinedeitpossible
forasingleuntry;likeengland;tocarryalltheburdens
ofthegreatnapoleonicaliststhepeople
oneyachines
reapedenorusprofitstheybecaaitiousandbegan
totakeaninterestinpoliticstheytriedtopetehthe
landedaristocracyillexercisedgreatinfluenceupon
thegoventofsteuropeanuntries
inengland;eersofparliantill
electedacrdingtoaroyaldecreeoftheyear1265;and
berofrecentlycreatedindustrialcentreswere
houtrepresentation;theybroughtaboutthepassingofthe
reforilloftheyear1882;heelectoral
systendgavetheclassofthefactoryooreinfluence
uponthelegislativebodythisho
disntentangthellionsoffactoryere
leftenttheytoobegan
anagitationfortherighttovotetheyputtheirdends
doentetobeknohe‘‘peoples
charterthedebatesaboutthischartergreoreand
reviolenttheyhadnotyetetoanendherevolutions
oftheyear1848brokeoutfrightenedbythethreat
ofaneandviolence;theenglish
goventplacedthedukeofon;in
hiseightiethyear;attheheadofthear;andcalledfor
volunteerslondonateofsiegeand
preparationsadetosuppresstheingrevolution
buttheentkilleditselfthroughbadleadership
andnoactsofviolencetookplacethenelassof
hyfactoryoheword‘‘bourgeoisie
odeathbytheapostlesofaneial
order;sloent;and
thenditionsofindustriallifeinthelargecitiesntinuedto
transforastacresofpastureandlandintodreary
slu;odeeuropean
town
encipation
thegeneralintroduachinery
didnotbringabouttheeraof
happinessandprosperityh
hadbeenpredictedbythegeneration
hestageachreplaced
bytherailroadseveral
rediesedbutnone
ofthesequitesolvedtheproblebr 》
intheyear1831;justbeforethepassingofthefirstreforbr 》
billjerebenthathegreatenglishstudentoflegislative
thodsandthestpraerofthat
day;fortableisto
keothersfortabletheakeothersfortable
istoappeartolovethethe
istolovethenrealityjereanhe
saidhebelievedtobetruehisopinionsweresharedby
thousandsofhisuntryntheyfeltresponsibleforthe
happinessoftheirlessfortunateneighboursandtheytried
theirverybesttohelptheandheavenknoe
thatsothingbedone
theidealof‘‘enocfreedohe‘‘laissezfaireof
turgothadbeennecessaryintheoldsocietyediaeval
restriedallindustrialeffortbutthis‘‘libertyof
actionhehighestlahelandhadledto
aterrible;yea;afrightfulnditionthehoursinthefac
toryitedonlybythephysicalstrengthoftheworkers
aslongasaanuldsitbeforeherloohout
faintingfroatigue;sheohildrenof
fiveandsixills;tosavetherobr 》
thedangersofthestreetandalifeofidlenessalawhad
beenpassedhechildrenofpauperstogotowork
orbepunishedbybeingachinesinretu
fortheirservialive
andasortofpigstyinheyuldrestatnightoften
theyiredthattheyfellasleepattheirjobtokeep
theanadetheroundsandbeat
thentheknucklesback
totheirdutiesofurse;underthesecircutancesthousands
oflittlechildrendiedthisployers;
………………………………
第98节
anbeingsandnothoutaheart;sincerely
hattheyuldabolish‘‘childlabourbutsince
nfollohatchildrenoo
besides;ifjoneshadtriedtooryhoutthe
useofrstone;wouldhave
hiredanextrasupplyoflittleboysandjoneswouldhavebeen
forcedintobankruptcyitpossibleforjones
todoeasanaent
shouldforbiditforalleloyers
butasparliantinatedbytheold
landedaristocracyheupstartfactory
ooneybagsandhadtreatedtheopen
ntet;but
theindustrialcentres;andaslongasthelaallow
entobineinlabourunions;verylittleplished
ofursetheintelligentanddecentpeopleofthat
tiblindtotheseterriblenditionstheywere
justhelplesschineryhadnqueredtheworldbysurprise
andittookagreatnyyearsandtheeffortsofthousands
ofnoblenandentokethechineit
oughttobe;nsservant;andnothisster
curiouslyenough;thefirstattackupontheoutrageous
systefeloyntninallpartsof
theadeonbehalfoftheblackslavesofafrica
andarierican
ntinentbythespaniardstheyhadtriedtousethe
indiansaslabourersinthefieldsandinthenes;butthe
indians;alifeintheopen;hadlaindown
anddiedandtosavetheroxtinctionakindheartedpriest
hadsuggestedthatnegroesbebroughtfrofricatodothe
ent
besides;associationanwouldgive
thechancetoleachristianityandinthisheywould
beabletosavetheirsouls;andsofroverypossiblepointof
vieentbothforthekindly
anandforhisignorantblackbrotherbuththe
introduachinerytherehadbeenagreaterdendfor
ttonandthenegroesohanever
before;andtheytoo;liketheindians;begantodieunderthe
treatntheyreceivedatthehandsoftheoverseers
storiesofincrediblecrueltynstantlyfoundtheiro
europeandinalluntriesnandenbegantoagitate
fortheabolitionofslaveryinengland;e
andzacharycaulay;thefatherofthegreathistorianwhose
historyofenglandyoustreadifyoutoknowhow
erestingahistorybookcanbe;organiseda
societyforthesuppressionofslaveryfirstofalltheygota
laade‘‘slavetradingillegalandafterthe
year1840thereasingleslaveinanyofthebritish
loniestherevolutionof1848putanendtoslaveryinthe
frenchpossessionstheportuguesepassedalaheyear
1858isedallslavestheirlibertyintyyears
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