《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第38部分


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    keveryhappyfortheelectricenginehcanberun

    bypanionableservantofnkind

    butthe‘‘heatengine;therveloftheeighteenthcentury;

    isanoisyanddirtycreatureforeverfillingtheh

    ridiokestacksandhdustandsootandasking

    thatitbefedinesat

    greatinnvenienceandrisktothousandsofpeople

    andifiuststick

    tofaagination;ihe

    happydaylootiveshallbetakentothe

    seufnaturalhistorytobeplacednexttotheskeleton

    ofthedynosaurandthepteredactylandtheotherextinct

    creaturesofabygoneage

    thesocialrevolution

    butthenewengineswerevery

    expensiveandonlypeopleofh

    uldaffordthetheoldcarpenter

    orshoekerwhohadbeenhis

    oasterinhislittleworkshop

    selfoutto

    theoechanical

    tools;andadere

    neythanbefore;helosthis

    forrindependenceandhedidnot

    likethat

    intheoldendaystheheworldhadbeendoneby

    independentenintheirotleworkshopsin

    thefrontoftheirhouses;heirtools;he

    earsoftheiroitsprescribed

    bytheirguilds;nductedtheirbusinessasitpleased

    thetheylivedsilelives;andoworkvery

    longhours;buttheyastersiftheygotup

    andsahatitogofishing;theyfishing

    andthereosay‘‘no

    buttheintroduachinerychangedthisachine

    isreallynothingbutagreatlyenlargedtoolarailroad

    trainileanuteis

    inrealityapairofveryfastlegs;andasteaaerh

    flattensheavyplatesofironisjustaterriblebigfist;deof

    steel

    butanallaffordapairofgoodlegsanda

    goodstrongfist;arailroadtrainandasteaaeranda

    ttonfaachineryandthey

    arenotoan;butusuallybyapanyof

    peopleandthendividethe

    profitsoftheirrailroadorttonllaount

    ofneyheyhaveinvested

    therefore;achineshadbeeniroveduntilthey

    icableandprofitable;thebuildersofthose

    largetools;theers

    incash

    duringtheearlyddleages;ost

    theonlyforfh;thenobilityheonlypeople

    hybutasihavetoldyouina

    previouschapter;thegoldandsilverheypossessed

    ofbarter;

    exchangingwsforhorsesandeggsforhoneyduring

    thecrusades;theburghersofthecitieshadbeenabletogather

    richesfroherevivingtradebetheeastandthe;

    andtheyhadbeenseriousrivalsofthelordsandtheknights

    thefrenchrevolutionhadentirelydestroyedtheh

    ofthenobilityandhadenoruslyiniddle

    classor‘‘bourgeoisietheyearsofunresthe

    greatrevolutionhadofferednyddleclasspeoplea

    orethantheirshareofthishe

    estatesofthechurchhadbeennfiscatedbythefrenchnvention

    andhadbeensoldatauctiontherehadbeenaterrific

    auntofgraftlandspeculatorshadstolenthousands

    ofsquarelesofvaluableland;andduringthenapoleonic

    heyhadusedtheircapitalto‘‘profiteeringrainand

    gunpoorehthanthey

    neededfortheactualexpensesoftheirhouseholds;andthey

    uldaffordtobuildtheelvesfaenand

    entoachines

    thiscausedaveryabruptchangeinthelivesofhundreds

    ofthousandsofpeoplehinafeanycities

    doubledthenueroftheirinhabitantsandtheoldciviccentre

    eofthecitizenswassurrounded

    enslept

    aftertheirelevenorthirteenhours;spentinthe

    faheyretuedtothefactoryassoon

    astheleblew

    farandhroughtheuntrysidetherealkofthe

    fabuloussuofneythatuldbedeinthetohe

    peasantboy;accustodtoalifeintheopen;tothecity

    herapidlylosthisoldhealthadsttheskeanddustand

    dirtofthoseearlyandbadlyventilatedhe

    end;veryoften;hinthepoorhouseorinthehospital

    ofursethetothefactoryonthe

    partofsonypeopleplishedhoutacertain

    auntofoppositionsinuch

    en;theniynineotherswhowere

    throployntdidnotlikeitfrequentlytheyattacked

    thefaachines;but

    insurancepanieshadbeenorganisedasearlyasthe17th

    centuryandasaruletheoectedagainstloss

    soon;neachinesalled;thefactory

    hahighhentherewasan

    endtotheriotingtheancientguildsuldnotpossiblysurvive

    inthisneandirontheyoutof

    existenceandthentheentriedtoorganiseregularlabour

    unionsbutthefactoryohroughtheirh

    uldexercisegreatinfluenceuponthepoliticiansofthedi
………………………………

第97节

    fferent

    untries;tothelegislatureandhadlawspassed

    ingofsuchtradeunionsbecausethey

    interferedan

    pleasedonotthinkthatthegoodersofparliant

    heselayrantstheywere

    thetruesonsoftherevolutionaryperiodwheneverybody

    talkedof‘‘libertyandenkilledtheieighbours

    becausetheyquiteaslibertylovingasthey

    oughttohavebeensince‘‘libertyostvirtue

    ofn;itrightthatlabourunionsshoulddictateto

    theirersthehoursduringheyuldworkand

    theustdendtheanstat

    alltis;be‘‘freetosellhisserviarket;and

    theeloyerstbeequally‘‘freetonducthisbusiness

    ashesa;when

    thestatehadregulatedtheindustriallifeoftheentire

    nity;ingtoanendthene

    insistedthatthestatestandentirelyasideandletrce

    takeitsurse

    thelasthalfofthe18therelybeena

    tiofintelleic

    ideas;too;hadbeenreplacedbyersuitedthe

    needofthehourseveralyearsbeforethefrenchrevolution;

    turgot;inistersof

    financeoflouisxvi;hadpreachedthenoveldoctrineof

    ‘‘enoclibertyturgotlivedinauntryhhad

    sufferedfroooanyregulations;too

    nyoffianylaovethis

    officialsupervision;hee;‘‘letthepeopledoastheyplease;

    andeverythingousadviceof

    ‘‘laissezfairebecathebattlecryaroundists

    ofthatperiodrallied;

    atthesatiinengland;adathwasworking

    onhisghtyvolusonthe‘‘hofnations;ade

    anotherpleafor‘‘libertyandthe‘‘naturalrightsoftrade

    thirtyyearslater;afterthefallofnapoleon;hereactionary

    poheirvictoryatvienna;

    thatsafreedothepeopleintheir

    politicalrelationsintheirindustrial

    life

    thegeneraluseofchinery;asihavesaidatthebeginning

    ofthischapter;provedtobeofgreatadvantagetothe

    stateachinedeitpossible

    forasingleuntry;likeengland;tocarryalltheburdens

    ofthegreatnapoleonicaliststhepeople

    oneyachines

    reapedenorusprofitstheybecaaitiousandbegan

    totakeaninterestinpoliticstheytriedtopetehthe

    landedaristocracyillexercisedgreatinfluenceupon

    thegoventofsteuropeanuntries

    inengland;eersofparliantill

    electedacrdingtoaroyaldecreeoftheyear1265;and

    berofrecentlycreatedindustrialcentreswere

    houtrepresentation;theybroughtaboutthepassingofthe

    reforilloftheyear1882;heelectoral

    systendgavetheclassofthefactoryooreinfluence

    uponthelegislativebodythisho

    disntentangthellionsoffactoryere

    leftenttheytoobegan

    anagitationfortherighttovotetheyputtheirdends

    doentetobeknohe‘‘peoples

    charterthedebatesaboutthischartergreoreand

    reviolenttheyhadnotyetetoanendherevolutions

    oftheyear1848brokeoutfrightenedbythethreat

    ofaneandviolence;theenglish

    goventplacedthedukeofon;in

    hiseightiethyear;attheheadofthear;andcalledfor

    volunteerslondonateofsiegeand

    preparationsadetosuppresstheingrevolution

    buttheentkilleditselfthroughbadleadership

    andnoactsofviolencetookplacethenelassof

    hyfactoryoheword‘‘bourgeoisie

    odeathbytheapostlesofaneial

    order;sloent;and

    thenditionsofindustriallifeinthelargecitiesntinuedto

    transforastacresofpastureandlandintodreary

    slu;odeeuropean

    town

    encipation

    thegeneralintroduachinery

    didnotbringabouttheeraof

    happinessandprosperityh

    hadbeenpredictedbythegeneration

    hestageachreplaced

    bytherailroadseveral

    rediesedbutnone

    ofthesequitesolvedtheproblebr 》

    intheyear1831;justbeforethepassingofthefirstreforbr 》

    billjerebenthathegreatenglishstudentoflegislative

    thodsandthestpraerofthat

    day;fortableisto

    keothersfortabletheakeothersfortable

    istoappeartolovethethe

    istolovethenrealityjereanhe

    saidhebelievedtobetruehisopinionsweresharedby

    thousandsofhisuntryntheyfeltresponsibleforthe

    happinessoftheirlessfortunateneighboursandtheytried

    theirverybesttohelptheandheavenknoe

    thatsothingbedone

    theidealof‘‘enocfreedohe‘‘laissezfaireof

    turgothadbeennecessaryintheoldsocietyediaeval

    restriedallindustrialeffortbutthis‘‘libertyof

    actionhehighestlahelandhadledto

    aterrible;yea;afrightfulnditionthehoursinthefac

    toryitedonlybythephysicalstrengthoftheworkers

    aslongasaanuldsitbeforeherloohout

    faintingfroatigue;sheohildrenof

    fiveandsixills;tosavetherobr 》

    thedangersofthestreetandalifeofidlenessalawhad

    beenpassedhechildrenofpauperstogotowork

    orbepunishedbybeingachinesinretu

    fortheirservialive

    andasortofpigstyinheyuldrestatnightoften

    theyiredthattheyfellasleepattheirjobtokeep

    theanadetheroundsandbeat

    thentheknucklesback

    totheirdutiesofurse;underthesecircutancesthousands

    oflittlechildrendiedthisployers;
………………………………

第98节

    anbeingsandnothoutaheart;sincerely

    hattheyuldabolish‘‘childlabourbutsince

    nfollohatchildrenoo

    besides;ifjoneshadtriedtooryhoutthe

    useofrstone;wouldhave

    hiredanextrasupplyoflittleboysandjoneswouldhavebeen

    forcedintobankruptcyitpossibleforjones

    todoeasanaent

    shouldforbiditforalleloyers

    butasparliantinatedbytheold

    landedaristocracyheupstartfactory

    ooneybagsandhadtreatedtheopen

    ntet;but

    theindustrialcentres;andaslongasthelaallow

    entobineinlabourunions;verylittleplished

    ofursetheintelligentanddecentpeopleofthat

    tiblindtotheseterriblenditionstheywere

    justhelplesschineryhadnqueredtheworldbysurprise

    andittookagreatnyyearsandtheeffortsofthousands

    ofnoblenandentokethechineit

    oughttobe;nsservant;andnothisster

    curiouslyenough;thefirstattackupontheoutrageous

    systefeloyntninallpartsof

    theadeonbehalfoftheblackslavesofafrica

    andarierican

    ntinentbythespaniardstheyhadtriedtousethe

    indiansaslabourersinthefieldsandinthenes;butthe

    indians;alifeintheopen;hadlaindown

    anddiedandtosavetheroxtinctionakindheartedpriest

    hadsuggestedthatnegroesbebroughtfrofricatodothe

    ent

    besides;associationanwouldgive

    thechancetoleachristianityandinthisheywould

    beabletosavetheirsouls;andsofroverypossiblepointof

    vieentbothforthekindly

    anandforhisignorantblackbrotherbuththe

    introduachinerytherehadbeenagreaterdendfor

    ttonandthenegroesohanever

    before;andtheytoo;liketheindians;begantodieunderthe

    treatntheyreceivedatthehandsoftheoverseers

    storiesofincrediblecrueltynstantlyfoundtheiro

    europeandinalluntriesnandenbegantoagitate

    fortheabolitionofslaveryinengland;e

    andzacharycaulay;thefatherofthegreathistorianwhose

    historyofenglandyoustreadifyoutoknowhow

    erestingahistorybookcanbe;organiseda

    societyforthesuppressionofslaveryfirstofalltheygota

    laade‘‘slavetradingillegalandafterthe

    year1840thereasingleslaveinanyofthebritish

    loniestherevolutionof1848putanendtoslaveryinthe

    frenchpossessionstheportuguesepassedalaheyear

    1858isedallslavestheirlibertyintyyears

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