《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第37部分


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    ofagreateueroftoolsthefirst

    deoutofanoldtreecreatedaschstirinthenities

    of100;000bcastheflyingchinedidonlyafewyears

    ago

    inon;thestoryistoldofadirectorofthepatent

    officeheearlythirtiesofthelastcenturysuggested

    thatthepatentofficebeabolished;because‘‘everythingthat

    possiblyuldbeinventedhadbeeninventedasilar

    feelingsthavespreadthroughtheprehistoricworldwhen

    thefirstsailedonaraftandthepeoplewereable

    tovefrolacetoplacehoutroingor

    pullingfroheshore

    indeedoneofthestinterestingchaptersofhistoryis

    theeffortofntoletsooneelseorsothingelsedohis

    ;tinginthesun

    orpaintingpicturesonrocks;ortrainingyoungwolvesand

    littletigerstobehavelikepeaals

    ofurseintheveryoldendays;itwasalwayspossible

    toenslaveatodotheunpleasant

    tasksoflifeoneofthereasonshegreeksand

    rons;easintelligentaso

    devisereinterestingchin
………………………………

第94节

    ery;obefoundinthewide

    spreadexistenatician

    euponogsandfill

    theairokearketplace

    andbuyalltheslavesheneededataverysllexpense

    andduringtheddleages;althoughslaveryhadbeen

    abolishedandonlyaldforfserfdourvived;theguilds

    disuragedtheideaofusingchinerybecausetheythought

    thisberoftheirbrethrenoutof

    iddleagesatallinterested

    inproducinglargequantitiesofgoodstheirtailorsandbutchers

    andall

    nityinpete

    orethanrictly

    necessary

    duringtherenaissance;heprejudicesofthechurch

    againstscientificinvestigationsuldnolongerbeenforcedas

    rigidlyasbefore;alargenuerofnbegantodevotetheir

    livestothetiyandphysicsandchestry

    thebeginningofthethirtyyearswar;

    johnnapier;astchn;hadpublishedhislittlebookh

    describedthenesduringthe

    self;gottfriedleibnitzofleipzighadperfectedthesystef

    infinitesilcalculuseightyearsbeforethepeaceofphalia;

    nehegreatenglishnaturalphilosopher;was

    bo;andinthatsayeargalileo;theitalianastronor;

    diedanhethirtyyearsroyedtheprosperity

    ofcentraleuropeandthereverygeneral

    interestin‘‘alche;thestrangepseudoscienceofthe

    ddleagesbyetalsinto

    goldthisprovedtobeiossiblebutthealchestsintheir

    laboratoriesstuleduponnynelyhelped

    theistsheirsuccessors

    theenprovidedthehasolid

    scientificfoundationuponobuildeven

    thestpliberofpractical

    ndegooduseofittheddleageshadusedwoodfor

    thefeachinerybut

    easilyironuchbetterterialbutironarce

    exostoftheslting

    eltiron;hugefireshe

    beginning;thesefireshadbeendeofgradually

    theforestshadbeenusedupthen‘‘stonealthepetrified

    treesofprehistorictisalasyou

    knoobedugoutofthegroundandithastobetransported

    tothesltingovensandtheneshavetobekept

    dryfroheeverinvadingers

    thesesobesolvedatonce

    forthetibeing;horsesuldstillbeusedtohaultheal

    pingquestiondendedtheapplication

    ofspecialchineryseveralinventorsryingto

    solvethedifficultytheyallkneo

    beusedintheieenginewas

    veryoldheroofalexandria;hefirstcentury

    beforeachinery

    thepeopleoftherenaissance

    hadplayeddrivensthe

    rquisofporaryofnewton;inhisbook

    ofinventions;tellsofasteanginealittlelater;intheyear

    1698;thossaveryoflondonappliedforapatentfora

    puingengineatthesati;ahollander;christian

    huygens;ryingtoperfectanengineinhgunpowder

    uchthesawayas

    otors

    allovereurope;peoplehtheideadenis

    papin;afrenchn;friendandassistantofhuygens;was

    kingexperintsenginesinseveraluntries

    heinventedalittle;anda

    paddlebutriedtotakeatripinhis

    vessel;itplaintof

    theboatnsunion;hatsuchacraftwoulddeprive

    theftheirlivelihoodpapinfinallydiedinlondonin

    greatpoverty;havingoneyonhisinventions

    butatthetiofhisdeath;anotherchanicalenthusiast;

    thosneen;ofanew

    steaufiftyyearslaterhisengineprovedupon

    byjasakerintheyear

    1777;hegavetheengihatprovedof

    realpracticalvalue

    butduringtheentsha‘‘heatengine;

    thepoliticallychangedthebritish

    peoplehadsucceededthedutchasthencarriersofthe

    radetheyhadopenedupneook

    theraaterialsheloniesproducedtoengland;

    andtheretheytuedthentofinishedproducts;andthen

    theyexportedthefinishedgoodstothefourersofthe

    heseventeenthcentury;thepeopleofgeorgia

    andthecarolinashadbeguntogrohgave

    astrangesortofance;thesocalled‘‘ttonwool

    afterthishadbeenplucked;ittoenglandandthere

    thepeopleoflancastershireintocloththisweaving

    esoftheenverysoon

    anuerofiroventsadeintheprocessofweaving

    intheyear1730;johnkayinventedthe‘‘flyshuttle

    in1770;jashargreavesgotapatentonhis‘‘spinning

    jennyelierican;inventedthettongin;

    itsseeds;ajobhhad

    previouslybeendonebyhandattherateofonlyapoundaday

    finallyrichardarkundcart

    inventedlargeachines;hweredrivenby

    erpohen;intheeightiesoftheeighteenth

    century;justheestatesgeneraloffrancehadbegun

    thosefausetingsorevolutionisethepolitical

    systefeurope;theenginesofth

    aachinesofark;

    andthiscreatedanenocandsocialrevolution

    anrelationshipinalsteverypart

    oftheworld

    assoonasthestationaryenginehadprovedasuccess;the

    inventorstuedtheirattentiontotheproblefpropelling

    boatsandcartsechanicalntrivance

    selfdesignedplansfora‘‘steaootive;but

    erehehadperfectedhisideas;intheyear1804;alootive

    debyrichardtrevithickcarriedaloadoftytonsat

    penydarranint
………………………………

第95节

    heiningdistrict

    atthesatianaricanjeraitpainter

    bythenaofrobertfultonryingtonvince

    napoleonthatarineboat;the

    ‘‘nautilus;andhis‘‘steaoat;thefrenchghtbeableto

    destroythenavalsuprecyofengland

    fultonsideaofasteaoatoriginalhehad

    undoubtedlypieditfroohnfitch;achanicalgeniusof

    nnecticuterhadfirstnavigated

    thedelaheyear1787butnapoleon

    andhisscientificadvisersdidnotbelieveinthepractical

    possibilityofaselfpropelledboat;andalthoughthestch

    builtengineofthelittlecraftpuffedrrilyontheseine;the

    greateeroegleselfofthisfordable

    ighthavegivenhiisrevengefortrafalgar

    asforfulton;heretuedtotheunitedstatesand;being

    apraboat

    panytogetherhrobertrlivingston;asignerof

    thedeinister

    tofranceonryingtosellhisinvention

    thefirststearofthisnepany;the‘‘clet;

    onopolyofalltheersofnewyork

    state;equippedhanenginebuiltbyboultonandtof

    bighanengland;beganaregularservicebetweennew

    yorkandalbanyintheyear1807

    asforpoorjohnfitch;thenwholongbeforeanyone

    elsehadusedthe‘‘steaoatforrcialpurposes;he

    ptyofpurse;he

    hadetotheendofhisresourceshboat;h

    eansofascreroyed

    hisneighboursjeeredathistheyolaugha

    hundredyearslaterructedhis

    funnyflyingchinesfitchhadhopedtogivehisuntry

    aneasyaccesstothebroadriversoftheen

    preferredtotravelinflatboatsorgoonfootintheyear

    1798;inutterdespairandsery;fitchkilledhielfbytaking

    poison

    butterof1850

    tonsandkingsixknotsanhour;theuretaniagoesjust

    fourtisasfast;savannahtoliverpool

    inthererdtioftyfivedaysthentherewas

    anendtothederisionoftheltitudeandintheirenthusiasbr 》

    thepeoplegavethecreditfortheinventiontothean

    sixyearslater;georgestephenson;astchn;whohad

    beenbuildinglootivesforthepurposeofhaulingalfrobr 》

    thenepittosltingovensandttonfactories;builthis

    faus‘‘travellingenginehepriceofalby

    alstseventypercentandadeitpossibletoestablish

    thefirstregularpassengerservicebetanchesterand

    liverpool;citytocityatthe

    unheardofspeedoffifteenlesperhouradozenyears

    later;thisspeedhadbeenincreasedtotilesperhour

    atthepresentti;anyhedirectdescendant

    ofthepunylittletordrivenler

    andlevassoroftheeightiesofthelastcenturycandobetter

    thantheseearly‘‘puffingbillies

    butindedengineersproving

    upontheirrattling‘‘heatengines;agroupof‘‘pure

    scientistsnefourteenhoursofeachdaytothe

    studyofthose‘‘theoreticalscientificphenonahouth

    nochanicalprogressinga

    neisedtoleadthentothestsecretand

    hiddendoinsofnature

    tberofgreekandron

    philosophersnotablythalesofletusandplinywhowas

    killedryingtostudytheeruptionofvesuviusofthe

    year79peiiandherculaneu

    theasheshadnoticedthestrangeanticsofbitsofstrawandof

    featherberhwasbeing

    rubbedenoftheddleages

    hadnotbeeninterestedinthissterious‘‘electricpower

    butiediatelyaftertherenaissance;gilbert;the

    privatephysicianofqueenelizabeth;oustreatise

    ontheagsduringthe

    thirtyyearsasterof

    gdeburgandtheinventoroftheairpu;nstructedthe

    firstelectricalchineduringthenextcenturyalargenuer

    ofsselvestothestudyofelectricity

    notlessthanthreeprofessorsinventedthefausleyden

    jarintheyear1795atthesati;benjanfranklin;

    thestuniversalgeniusofariinthoon

    nepshireonacuntof

    hisprobritishsyathiesbecaknoford

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    lightningandtheelee

    electricpoinuedhiselectricstudiesuntiltheendof

    hisbusyandusefullifethencavoltaous

    ‘‘electricpileandgalvanianddayandthedanishprofessor

    hanspereandaragoandfaraday;

    alloftheiligentsearchersafterthetruenatureoftheelectric

    forces

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    rseonbeganhiscareerasanartistthought

    thatheuldusethisneitssages

    fronecitytoanotherheintendedtousepper

    achineedpeople

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    oentsandsoonhehadspentallhisneyand

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    ngressorsehadto

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    hethenbuilta‘‘telegraphbetoreand

    onintheyear1887hehadshosuccessful

    ‘‘telegraphinoneofthelecturehallsofnewyork

    universityfinally;onthe24thofyoftheyear1844the

    firstlongdistancessageonto

    baltireandtodaythehtelegraph

    europetoasiainafew

    sendstbellused

    theelectriccurrentforhistelephoneandhalfacentury

    afterprovedupontheseideasbyinventinga

    systefsendingssageshdidaway
………………………………

第96节

    entirelyhtheold

    fashionedwires

    orse;theneorkingonhis

    ‘‘telegraph;an;hadnstructed

    thefirst‘‘dynathistinylittlechinepleted

    intheyear1881blingasa

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    andgreodayitprovidesushheatand

    hlightyouknohelittleincandescentbulbshedison;

    buildinguponfrenchandenglishexperintsoftheforties

    andfifties;firstdein1878andhpos

    ofistakentheelectricenginewill

    soonentirelydriveoutthe‘‘heatenginejustasintheolden

    daystherehighlyorganisedprehistoricanilsdroveout

    theirlessefficientneighbours

    personallybutiknoachinerythiswill

    keveryhappyfortheelectricenginehcanberun

    bypanionableservantofnkind

    butthe‘‘heatengine;therveloftheeighteenthc
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