ofagreateueroftoolsthefirst
deoutofanoldtreecreatedaschstirinthenities
of100;000bcastheflyingchinedidonlyafewyears
ago
inon;thestoryistoldofadirectorofthepatent
officeheearlythirtiesofthelastcenturysuggested
thatthepatentofficebeabolished;because‘‘everythingthat
possiblyuldbeinventedhadbeeninventedasilar
feelingsthavespreadthroughtheprehistoricworldwhen
thefirstsailedonaraftandthepeoplewereable
tovefrolacetoplacehoutroingor
pullingfroheshore
indeedoneofthestinterestingchaptersofhistoryis
theeffortofntoletsooneelseorsothingelsedohis
;tinginthesun
orpaintingpicturesonrocks;ortrainingyoungwolvesand
littletigerstobehavelikepeaals
ofurseintheveryoldendays;itwasalwayspossible
toenslaveatodotheunpleasant
tasksoflifeoneofthereasonshegreeksand
rons;easintelligentaso
devisereinterestingchin
………………………………
第94节
ery;obefoundinthewide
spreadexistenatician
euponogsandfill
theairokearketplace
andbuyalltheslavesheneededataverysllexpense
andduringtheddleages;althoughslaveryhadbeen
abolishedandonlyaldforfserfdourvived;theguilds
disuragedtheideaofusingchinerybecausetheythought
thisberoftheirbrethrenoutof
iddleagesatallinterested
inproducinglargequantitiesofgoodstheirtailorsandbutchers
andall
nityinpete
orethanrictly
necessary
duringtherenaissance;heprejudicesofthechurch
againstscientificinvestigationsuldnolongerbeenforcedas
rigidlyasbefore;alargenuerofnbegantodevotetheir
livestothetiyandphysicsandchestry
thebeginningofthethirtyyearswar;
johnnapier;astchn;hadpublishedhislittlebookh
describedthenesduringthe
self;gottfriedleibnitzofleipzighadperfectedthesystef
infinitesilcalculuseightyearsbeforethepeaceofphalia;
nehegreatenglishnaturalphilosopher;was
bo;andinthatsayeargalileo;theitalianastronor;
diedanhethirtyyearsroyedtheprosperity
ofcentraleuropeandthereverygeneral
interestin‘‘alche;thestrangepseudoscienceofthe
ddleagesbyetalsinto
goldthisprovedtobeiossiblebutthealchestsintheir
laboratoriesstuleduponnynelyhelped
theistsheirsuccessors
theenprovidedthehasolid
scientificfoundationuponobuildeven
thestpliberofpractical
ndegooduseofittheddleageshadusedwoodfor
thefeachinerybut
easilyironuchbetterterialbutironarce
exostoftheslting
eltiron;hugefireshe
beginning;thesefireshadbeendeofgradually
theforestshadbeenusedupthen‘‘stonealthepetrified
treesofprehistorictisalasyou
knoobedugoutofthegroundandithastobetransported
tothesltingovensandtheneshavetobekept
dryfroheeverinvadingers
thesesobesolvedatonce
forthetibeing;horsesuldstillbeusedtohaultheal
pingquestiondendedtheapplication
ofspecialchineryseveralinventorsryingto
solvethedifficultytheyallkneo
beusedintheieenginewas
veryoldheroofalexandria;hefirstcentury
beforeachinery
thepeopleoftherenaissance
hadplayeddrivensthe
rquisofporaryofnewton;inhisbook
ofinventions;tellsofasteanginealittlelater;intheyear
1698;thossaveryoflondonappliedforapatentfora
puingengineatthesati;ahollander;christian
huygens;ryingtoperfectanengineinhgunpowder
uchthesawayas
otors
allovereurope;peoplehtheideadenis
papin;afrenchn;friendandassistantofhuygens;was
kingexperintsenginesinseveraluntries
heinventedalittle;anda
paddlebutriedtotakeatripinhis
vessel;itplaintof
theboatnsunion;hatsuchacraftwoulddeprive
theftheirlivelihoodpapinfinallydiedinlondonin
greatpoverty;havingoneyonhisinventions
butatthetiofhisdeath;anotherchanicalenthusiast;
thosneen;ofanew
steaufiftyyearslaterhisengineprovedupon
byjasakerintheyear
1777;hegavetheengihatprovedof
realpracticalvalue
butduringtheentsha‘‘heatengine;
thepoliticallychangedthebritish
peoplehadsucceededthedutchasthencarriersofthe
radetheyhadopenedupneook
theraaterialsheloniesproducedtoengland;
andtheretheytuedthentofinishedproducts;andthen
theyexportedthefinishedgoodstothefourersofthe
heseventeenthcentury;thepeopleofgeorgia
andthecarolinashadbeguntogrohgave
astrangesortofance;thesocalled‘‘ttonwool
afterthishadbeenplucked;ittoenglandandthere
thepeopleoflancastershireintocloththisweaving
esoftheenverysoon
anuerofiroventsadeintheprocessofweaving
intheyear1730;johnkayinventedthe‘‘flyshuttle
in1770;jashargreavesgotapatentonhis‘‘spinning
jennyelierican;inventedthettongin;
itsseeds;ajobhhad
previouslybeendonebyhandattherateofonlyapoundaday
finallyrichardarkundcart
inventedlargeachines;hweredrivenby
erpohen;intheeightiesoftheeighteenth
century;justheestatesgeneraloffrancehadbegun
thosefausetingsorevolutionisethepolitical
systefeurope;theenginesofth
aachinesofark;
andthiscreatedanenocandsocialrevolution
anrelationshipinalsteverypart
oftheworld
assoonasthestationaryenginehadprovedasuccess;the
inventorstuedtheirattentiontotheproblefpropelling
boatsandcartsechanicalntrivance
selfdesignedplansfora‘‘steaootive;but
erehehadperfectedhisideas;intheyear1804;alootive
debyrichardtrevithickcarriedaloadoftytonsat
penydarranint
………………………………
第95节
heiningdistrict
atthesatianaricanjeraitpainter
bythenaofrobertfultonryingtonvince
napoleonthatarineboat;the
‘‘nautilus;andhis‘‘steaoat;thefrenchghtbeableto
destroythenavalsuprecyofengland
fultonsideaofasteaoatoriginalhehad
undoubtedlypieditfroohnfitch;achanicalgeniusof
nnecticuterhadfirstnavigated
thedelaheyear1787butnapoleon
andhisscientificadvisersdidnotbelieveinthepractical
possibilityofaselfpropelledboat;andalthoughthestch
builtengineofthelittlecraftpuffedrrilyontheseine;the
greateeroegleselfofthisfordable
ighthavegivenhiisrevengefortrafalgar
asforfulton;heretuedtotheunitedstatesand;being
apraboat
panytogetherhrobertrlivingston;asignerof
thedeinister
tofranceonryingtosellhisinvention
thefirststearofthisnepany;the‘‘clet;
onopolyofalltheersofnewyork
state;equippedhanenginebuiltbyboultonandtof
bighanengland;beganaregularservicebetweennew
yorkandalbanyintheyear1807
asforpoorjohnfitch;thenwholongbeforeanyone
elsehadusedthe‘‘steaoatforrcialpurposes;he
ptyofpurse;he
hadetotheendofhisresourceshboat;h
eansofascreroyed
hisneighboursjeeredathistheyolaugha
hundredyearslaterructedhis
funnyflyingchinesfitchhadhopedtogivehisuntry
aneasyaccesstothebroadriversoftheen
preferredtotravelinflatboatsorgoonfootintheyear
1798;inutterdespairandsery;fitchkilledhielfbytaking
poison
butterof1850
tonsandkingsixknotsanhour;theuretaniagoesjust
fourtisasfast;savannahtoliverpool
inthererdtioftyfivedaysthentherewas
anendtothederisionoftheltitudeandintheirenthusiasbr 》
thepeoplegavethecreditfortheinventiontothean
sixyearslater;georgestephenson;astchn;whohad
beenbuildinglootivesforthepurposeofhaulingalfrobr 》
thenepittosltingovensandttonfactories;builthis
faus‘‘travellingenginehepriceofalby
alstseventypercentandadeitpossibletoestablish
thefirstregularpassengerservicebetanchesterand
liverpool;citytocityatthe
unheardofspeedoffifteenlesperhouradozenyears
later;thisspeedhadbeenincreasedtotilesperhour
atthepresentti;anyhedirectdescendant
ofthepunylittletordrivenler
andlevassoroftheeightiesofthelastcenturycandobetter
thantheseearly‘‘puffingbillies
butindedengineersproving
upontheirrattling‘‘heatengines;agroupof‘‘pure
scientistsnefourteenhoursofeachdaytothe
studyofthose‘‘theoreticalscientificphenonahouth
nochanicalprogressinga
neisedtoleadthentothestsecretand
hiddendoinsofnature
tberofgreekandron
philosophersnotablythalesofletusandplinywhowas
killedryingtostudytheeruptionofvesuviusofthe
year79peiiandherculaneu
theasheshadnoticedthestrangeanticsofbitsofstrawandof
featherberhwasbeing
rubbedenoftheddleages
hadnotbeeninterestedinthissterious‘‘electricpower
butiediatelyaftertherenaissance;gilbert;the
privatephysicianofqueenelizabeth;oustreatise
ontheagsduringthe
thirtyyearsasterof
gdeburgandtheinventoroftheairpu;nstructedthe
firstelectricalchineduringthenextcenturyalargenuer
ofsselvestothestudyofelectricity
notlessthanthreeprofessorsinventedthefausleyden
jarintheyear1795atthesati;benjanfranklin;
thestuniversalgeniusofariinthoon
nepshireonacuntof
hisprobritishsyathiesbecaknoford
inghisattentiontothissubjecthedisveredthat
lightningandtheelee
electricpoinuedhiselectricstudiesuntiltheendof
hisbusyandusefullifethencavoltaous
‘‘electricpileandgalvanianddayandthedanishprofessor
hanspereandaragoandfaraday;
alloftheiligentsearchersafterthetruenatureoftheelectric
forces
theyfreelygavetheirdisveriestotheuel
rseonbeganhiscareerasanartistthought
thatheuldusethisneitssages
fronecitytoanotherheintendedtousepper
achineedpeople
laughedathirsethereforeofinancehis
oentsandsoonhehadspentallhisneyand
thenhewasverypoorandpeoplelaughedevenlouderhe
thenaskedngresstohelphindaspecialtteeon
rtheirsupportbuttheersof
ngressorsehadto
tallngressionalappropriation
hethenbuilta‘‘telegraphbetoreand
onintheyear1887hehadshosuccessful
‘‘telegraphinoneofthelecturehallsofnewyork
universityfinally;onthe24thofyoftheyear1844the
firstlongdistancessageonto
baltireandtodaythehtelegraph
europetoasiainafew
sendstbellused
theelectriccurrentforhistelephoneandhalfacentury
afterprovedupontheseideasbyinventinga
systefsendingssageshdidaway
………………………………
第96节
entirelyhtheold
fashionedwires
orse;theneorkingonhis
‘‘telegraph;an;hadnstructed
thefirst‘‘dynathistinylittlechinepleted
intheyear1881blingasa
resultofthegreatjulyrevolutions
theplansofthengressofviennathefirstdynagrew
andgreodayitprovidesushheatand
hlightyouknohelittleincandescentbulbshedison;
buildinguponfrenchandenglishexperintsoftheforties
andfifties;firstdein1878andhpos
ofistakentheelectricenginewill
soonentirelydriveoutthe‘‘heatenginejustasintheolden
daystherehighlyorganisedprehistoricanilsdroveout
theirlessefficientneighbours
personallybutiknoachinerythiswill
keveryhappyfortheelectricenginehcanberun
bypanionableservantofnkind
butthe‘‘heatengine;therveloftheeighteenthc
小提示:按 回车 [Enter] 键 返回书目,按 ← 键 返回上一页, 按 → 键 进入下一页。
赞一下
添加书签加入书架