untriesitisoneofthestinterestingprinciplesofancient
anddehefewreliablelawsof
historythat‘‘thenationndstheseaisalsothe
nationndsthelandsofarthislawhasnever
failedtoodeairplaneyhavechangedit
intheeighteenthcentury;hoachines
andithebritishnavyhgainedforengland
hervastaricanandindianandafricanlonies
theseriesofnavalweenenglandandhollandin
theseventeenthcenturydoesnotinterestushereitendedas
allsuchenuntersbetatchedpowerswill
endbuttheher
rivalisofgreateriortancetous;forhesuperior
britishfleetintheenddefeatedthefrenchnavy;agreatdeal
oftheprelinaryfightingerican
ntinentinthisvastuntry;bothfranceandengland
claideverythingore
anhadeverseenin1497cabot
hadlandedinthenorthepartofaricaandtyseven
yearslater;giovanniverrazanohadvisitedtheseastscabot
hadfloheenglishflagverrazanohadsailedunderthe
frened
theelvestheoheentirentinent
duringtheseventeenthallenglish
lonieshadbeenfoundedbetaineandthecarolinas
theyeparticularsect
ofenglishdissenters;suchasthepuritans;heyear
1620tonehequakers;tledin
pennsylvaniain1681theyallfrontieities;
nestlingclosetotheshoresoftheocean;wherepeoplehad
gatheredtokeaneeandbeginlifeanghappier
surroundings;fararoyalsupervisionandinterference
thefrenchlonies;ontheotherhand;alained
apossessionofthecrosorprotestantswere
alloightntanate
theindianshtheirdangerousprotestantdoctrinesand
issionaryhejesuit
fatherstheenglishlonies;therefore;hadbeenfounded
uponachhealthierbasisthantheirfrenchneighboursand
rivalstheyrcialenergyof
theenglishddleclasses;entswere
inhabitedbypeopleheoceanasservantsofthe
kingandedtoretutoparisatthefirstpossiblechance
politically;hohepositionoftheenglishlonies
satisfactorythefrenchhaddisveredthe
uthofthesaintla
theregionofthegreatlakestheyhadheirhward;
haddescendedthessissippiandhadbuiltseveralfortifications
alongthegulfofxiafteracenturyofexploration;
alineofsixtyfrenents
alongtheatlantitheinterior
theenglishlandgrants;detothedifferentlonial
panieshadgiventhe‘alllandfroeatoseathis
soundedinpractice;britishterritory
endedhelineoffrenchfortificationsbegantobreak
throughthisbarrierwas
………………………………
第74节
possiblebutittookbothnand
neyandcausedaseriesofhorribleborderh
bothsidesrderedtheireneighbours;hthehelpofthe
indiantribes
aslongasthestuartshadruledenglandtherehadbeen
nodangerofhfrancethestuartsneededthebourbons
intheirattettoestablishanautoofgovent
andtobreakthepoentbutin1689the
lastofthestuartshaddisappearedfroritishsoilanddutch
;thegreateneoflouisxivsucceededhifrobr 》
thattion;untilthetreatyofparisof1763;franceand
englandfoughtforthepossessionofindiaandnortharica
duringtheseheenglishnavies
invariablybeatthefrenherlonies;france
loststofherpossessions;andhe
entirenortharicanntinenthadfallenintobritishhands
andthegreatplain;la
salle;rquetteandasreofotherstofrance
onlyaverysllpartofthisvastdoined
froassachusettsinthenorth;sasect
ofpuritansolerantandhereforehad
foundnohappinesseitherinanglicanenglandorcalvinist
hollandhadlandedintheyear1620;tothecarolinasand
virginiathetobacraisingprovinceshhadbeenfounded
entirelyforthesakeofprofit;stretchedathinlineof
sparselypopulatedterritorybutthenhis
ne
theirbrethrenofthetheruntryinthehey
hadleaedindependenceandselfreliancetheyhe
sonsofhardyandenergetiourous
peopledidnoterican
lonistshatedtherestraintandthelackofbreathingspace
adetheirlivesintheolduntrysoveryunhappy
theyanttobetheiroastersthistherulingclasses
ofenglanddidnotseeounderstandthegoventannoyed
thelonistsandthelonists;edtobebothered
inthisent
badfeelingcausedrebadfeelingitisnotnecessary
torepeathereindetailight
havebeenavoidedifthebritishkinghadbeenreintelligent
thangeorgeiiiorlessgiventodroe
thanhisnister;lordnorththebritishlonists;
ents
settlethediffisfroeingloyalsubjects;
theytuedrebels;selvestothepunishnt
ofdeathan
soldiers;georgehiredtodohisfightingafterthepleasant
custofthatday;onicprincessoldwhole
regintstothehighestbidder
theericanlonies
lastedsevenyearsduringstofthatti;thefinalsuccess
oftherebelsseedverydoubtfulagreatnuerof
thepeople;especiallyinthecities;hadreinedloyaltotheir
kingtheyprose;andwouldhave
beenosueforpeacebutthegreatfigureofon
stoodguardoverthecauseofthelonists
ablyassistedbyahandfulofbraven;heusedhissteadfast
butbadlyequippedarestoheforcesoftheking
tiandagainedunavoidable;hisstrategy
tuedthetideofbattleoftenhisnwereillfedduring
theertheylackedshoesandatsandolive
inunhealthydugoutsbuttheirtrustintheirgreatleader
eandtheystuckitoutuntilthefinalhourofvictory
butreinterestingthanthecaaignsofon
orthediplotiinfranklinwhowas
ineuropegettingneyfrohefrenentand
theaterdaankers;hoccurredearlyin
therevolutiontherepresentativesofthedifferentlonies
hadgatheredinphiladelphiatodison
iortanceitost
ofthebigtoheseaastillinthehandsofthe
britishreinforcentsfronglandhe
shiploadonlynherighteousness
oftheircauseheuragetotake
thentousdeonthsofjuneandjulyof
theyear1776
injune;riotion
tothentinentalngressthat‘‘theseunitedlonies
are;andofrightoughttobe;freeandindependentstates;that
theyareabsolvedfrollallegiancetothebritishcrown;and
thatallpoliticalnnectionbetandthestateof
greatbritainisandoughttobe;totallydissolved
thetionsofssachusetts
ithesendandonjulyfourth;
itionofindependence;
asjefferson;aseriousandexceedingly
entand
destinedtobeoneofthestfausofoutaricanpresidents
reachedeurope;andwasfollowed
bythefinalvictoryofthelonistsandtheadoptionof
thefausnstitutionoftheyear1787thefirstofallten
nstitutionsitcausedgreatinterestthedynasticsystebr 》
ofthehighlycentralisedstateshhadbeendeveloped
afterthegreatreligiousheseventeenthcenturyhad
reachedtheheightofitspohepalaceof
thekinghadgroousproportions;hecities
oftheroyalrealerebeingsurroundedbyrapidlygrowing
astheinhabitantsofthosesluwereshowing
signsofrestlessnesstheyehelplessbutthe
higheren;theytoo
icand
politicalnditionsunderheylivedthesuccessof
thearianythingswere
possiblepossibleonlyashortti
before
acrdingtothepoet;theshothebattle
oflexingtonhe
ofanexaggerationthechineseandthejapaneseandthe
russiansnottospeakoftheaustralians;been
redisveredbycaptainok;theykilledforhis
trouble;neverheardofitatallbutitcarriedacrossthe
atlanticeanitlandedinthepowderhouseofeuropean
disntentandinfranceitcausedanexplosionhrocked
theentirentinentfroetrogradtodridandburiedthe
representativeso
………………………………
第75节
ftheoldstateacy
underseveraltonsofdecraticbricks
thefrenchrevolution
thegreatfrens
theprinciplesofliberty;
frateityandequalityuntoall
thepeopleoftheearth
beforealkaboutarevolutionitisjustashat
eansintheterofa
greatrussianerandrussiansoughttoknothey
aretalkingaboutinthisfieldarevolutionis‘‘asoverthrow;
inafeitutionsakencenturies
torootinthesoil;andseeofixedandiovablethat
eventhestardentreforrshardlydaretoattackthen
theirblingawayinabrief
period;ofallthatuptothattihasposedtheessence
ofsoiclifeinanation
sucharevolutiontookplaceinfranceintheeighteenth
centuryheoldcivilisationoftheuntryhadgrown
stalethekinginthedaysoflouisxivhadbee
everythinganderly
thecivilservantofthefederalstate;founditselfhoutany
dutiesandbeentoftheroyalurt
thisfrenchstateoftheeighteenthcentury;ho
inoneythisneyhadtobeproduced
intheforftaxesunfortunatelythekingsoffrancehad
notbeenstrongenoughtoforcethenobilityandtheclergy
topaytheirshareofthesetaxeshencethetaxeswerepaid
entirelybytheagriculturalpopulationbutthepeasants
livingindrearyhovels;nolongerinintitentacththeir
forrlandlords;butvictiofcruelandinpetentland
agents;badtohey
selvesincreasedretusupontheir
landrelyantretaxesandnothingfortheelves
andthereforetheyneglectedtheirfieldsaschastheydared
henceptysplendour
throughthevasthallsofhispalaces;habituallyfollowedby
hungryofficeseekers;allofliveupontherevenueobtained
froeasantsterthanthebeastsofthe
fieldsitisnotapleasantpicture;butitisnotexaggerated
therehersidetothesocalled‘‘ancien
regiustkeepinnd
aiddleclass;closelynnectedhthenobility
bytheusualproarrying
thepoorbaronssonandaurtposedofallthest
entertainingpeopleoffrance;hadbroughtthepoliteartof
graentasthebestbrains
oftheuntryselvesh
questionsofpoliticalenocs;theyspenttheiridlehours
uponthediscussionofabstractideas
asfashionsindesofthoughtandpersonalbehaviour
arequiteaslikelytoruntoextresasfashionindress;it
ostartificialsocietyofthatdayshould
takeatrendousinterestinple
lifethekingandthequeen;theabsoluteandunquestioned
proprietorsofthisuntrygalledfrance;togetherhallits
loniesanddependencies;toliveinfunnylittleuntry
housesalldressedupaslkidsandstableboysandplayed
atbeingshepherdsinahappyvaleofancienthellasaround
thetheirurtiersdancedattendance;theirurtsicians
posedlovelynuets;theirurtbarbersdevisedre
andreelaborateandstlyheadgear;untilfroheerboredobr 》
andlackofrealjobs;thisificialworldofversailles
thegreatshofar
ahisnoisyandrestlesscitytalkedofnothingbut
thosesubjetheirown
lives;justasanarvingalkofnothingexcept
food
aire;theurageousoldphilosopher;play;
historianandnovelist;andthegreateneofall
religiousandpoliticaltyranny;begantothrobsof
criticisteverythingnnectedhtheestablishedorder
ofthings;theandhis
theatrionlywhenjean
jaitiven
andgavehisnteorariesdelightfuldescriptionsofthe
happinessoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthispla;about
hekleashedidaboutthechildren;uponwhose
educationheheregnisedauthority;allfranceread
his‘‘socialntractandthissocietyinhekingand
thestatebittertearsheyheardrousseaus
appealforaretutotheblesseddayshereal
sovereigntyhadlaininthehandsofthepeopleandhe
kinghadbeenrelytheservantofhispeople
ontesquieupublishedhis‘‘persianlettersin
inguishedpersiantravellerstutheing
societyoffrancetopsyturvyandpokefunateverything
frohekingdootheloofhissixhundred
pastryoks;thebookiediatelythroughfour
editionsandassuredtheerthousandsofreadersforhis
fausdiscussionofthe‘‘spiritofthelahe
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