《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第28部分


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    untriesitisoneofthestinterestingprinciplesofancient

    anddehefewreliablelawsof

    historythat‘‘thenationndstheseaisalsothe

    nationndsthelandsofarthislawhasnever

    failedtoodeairplaneyhavechangedit

    intheeighteenthcentury;hoachines

    andithebritishnavyhgainedforengland

    hervastaricanandindianandafricanlonies

    theseriesofnavalweenenglandandhollandin

    theseventeenthcenturydoesnotinterestushereitendedas

    allsuchenuntersbetatchedpowerswill

    endbuttheher

    rivalisofgreateriortancetous;forhesuperior

    britishfleetintheenddefeatedthefrenchnavy;agreatdeal

    oftheprelinaryfightingerican

    ntinentinthisvastuntry;bothfranceandengland

    claideverythingore

    anhadeverseenin1497cabot

    hadlandedinthenorthepartofaricaandtyseven

    yearslater;giovanniverrazanohadvisitedtheseastscabot

    hadfloheenglishflagverrazanohadsailedunderthe

    frened

    theelvestheoheentirentinent

    duringtheseventeenthallenglish

    lonieshadbeenfoundedbetaineandthecarolinas

    theyeparticularsect

    ofenglishdissenters;suchasthepuritans;heyear

    1620tonehequakers;tledin

    pennsylvaniain1681theyallfrontieities;

    nestlingclosetotheshoresoftheocean;wherepeoplehad

    gatheredtokeaneeandbeginlifeanghappier

    surroundings;fararoyalsupervisionandinterference

    thefrenchlonies;ontheotherhand;alained

    apossessionofthecrosorprotestantswere

    alloightntanate

    theindianshtheirdangerousprotestantdoctrinesand

    issionaryhejesuit

    fatherstheenglishlonies;therefore;hadbeenfounded

    uponachhealthierbasisthantheirfrenchneighboursand

    rivalstheyrcialenergyof

    theenglishddleclasses;entswere

    inhabitedbypeopleheoceanasservantsofthe

    kingandedtoretutoparisatthefirstpossiblechance

    politically;hohepositionoftheenglishlonies

    satisfactorythefrenchhaddisveredthe

    uthofthesaintla

    theregionofthegreatlakestheyhadheirhward;

    haddescendedthessissippiandhadbuiltseveralfortifications

    alongthegulfofxiafteracenturyofexploration;

    alineofsixtyfrenents

    alongtheatlantitheinterior

    theenglishlandgrants;detothedifferentlonial

    panieshadgiventhe‘alllandfroeatoseathis

    soundedinpractice;britishterritory

    endedhelineoffrenchfortificationsbegantobreak

    throughthisbarrierwas
………………………………

第74节

    possiblebutittookbothnand

    neyandcausedaseriesofhorribleborderh

    bothsidesrderedtheireneighbours;hthehelpofthe

    indiantribes

    aslongasthestuartshadruledenglandtherehadbeen

    nodangerofhfrancethestuartsneededthebourbons

    intheirattettoestablishanautoofgovent

    andtobreakthepoentbutin1689the

    lastofthestuartshaddisappearedfroritishsoilanddutch

    ;thegreateneoflouisxivsucceededhifrobr 》

    thattion;untilthetreatyofparisof1763;franceand

    englandfoughtforthepossessionofindiaandnortharica

    duringtheseheenglishnavies

    invariablybeatthefrenherlonies;france

    loststofherpossessions;andhe

    entirenortharicanntinenthadfallenintobritishhands

    andthegreatplain;la

    salle;rquetteandasreofotherstofrance

    onlyaverysllpartofthisvastdoined

    froassachusettsinthenorth;sasect

    ofpuritansolerantandhereforehad

    foundnohappinesseitherinanglicanenglandorcalvinist

    hollandhadlandedintheyear1620;tothecarolinasand

    virginiathetobacraisingprovinceshhadbeenfounded

    entirelyforthesakeofprofit;stretchedathinlineof

    sparselypopulatedterritorybutthenhis

    ne

    theirbrethrenofthetheruntryinthehey

    hadleaedindependenceandselfreliancetheyhe

    sonsofhardyandenergetiourous

    peopledidnoterican

    lonistshatedtherestraintandthelackofbreathingspace

    adetheirlivesintheolduntrysoveryunhappy

    theyanttobetheiroastersthistherulingclasses

    ofenglanddidnotseeounderstandthegoventannoyed

    thelonistsandthelonists;edtobebothered

    inthisent

    badfeelingcausedrebadfeelingitisnotnecessary

    torepeathereindetailight

    havebeenavoidedifthebritishkinghadbeenreintelligent

    thangeorgeiiiorlessgiventodroe

    thanhisnister;lordnorththebritishlonists;

    ents

    settlethediffisfroeingloyalsubjects;

    theytuedrebels;selvestothepunishnt

    ofdeathan

    soldiers;georgehiredtodohisfightingafterthepleasant

    custofthatday;onicprincessoldwhole

    regintstothehighestbidder

    theericanlonies

    lastedsevenyearsduringstofthatti;thefinalsuccess

    oftherebelsseedverydoubtfulagreatnuerof

    thepeople;especiallyinthecities;hadreinedloyaltotheir

    kingtheyprose;andwouldhave

    beenosueforpeacebutthegreatfigureofon

    stoodguardoverthecauseofthelonists

    ablyassistedbyahandfulofbraven;heusedhissteadfast

    butbadlyequippedarestoheforcesoftheking

    tiandagainedunavoidable;hisstrategy

    tuedthetideofbattleoftenhisnwereillfedduring

    theertheylackedshoesandatsandolive

    inunhealthydugoutsbuttheirtrustintheirgreatleader

    eandtheystuckitoutuntilthefinalhourofvictory

    butreinterestingthanthecaaignsofon

    orthediplotiinfranklinwhowas

    ineuropegettingneyfrohefrenentand

    theaterdaankers;hoccurredearlyin

    therevolutiontherepresentativesofthedifferentlonies

    hadgatheredinphiladelphiatodison

    iortanceitost

    ofthebigtoheseaastillinthehandsofthe

    britishreinforcentsfronglandhe

    shiploadonlynherighteousness

    oftheircauseheuragetotake

    thentousdeonthsofjuneandjulyof

    theyear1776

    injune;riotion

    tothentinentalngressthat‘‘theseunitedlonies

    are;andofrightoughttobe;freeandindependentstates;that

    theyareabsolvedfrollallegiancetothebritishcrown;and

    thatallpoliticalnnectionbetandthestateof

    greatbritainisandoughttobe;totallydissolved

    thetionsofssachusetts

    ithesendandonjulyfourth;

    itionofindependence;

    asjefferson;aseriousandexceedingly

    entand

    destinedtobeoneofthestfausofoutaricanpresidents

    reachedeurope;andwasfollowed

    bythefinalvictoryofthelonistsandtheadoptionof

    thefausnstitutionoftheyear1787thefirstofallten

    nstitutionsitcausedgreatinterestthedynasticsystebr 》

    ofthehighlycentralisedstateshhadbeendeveloped

    afterthegreatreligiousheseventeenthcenturyhad

    reachedtheheightofitspohepalaceof

    thekinghadgroousproportions;hecities

    oftheroyalrealerebeingsurroundedbyrapidlygrowing

    astheinhabitantsofthosesluwereshowing

    signsofrestlessnesstheyehelplessbutthe

    higheren;theytoo

    icand

    politicalnditionsunderheylivedthesuccessof

    thearianythingswere

    possiblepossibleonlyashortti

    before

    acrdingtothepoet;theshothebattle

    oflexingtonhe

    ofanexaggerationthechineseandthejapaneseandthe

    russiansnottospeakoftheaustralians;been

    redisveredbycaptainok;theykilledforhis

    trouble;neverheardofitatallbutitcarriedacrossthe

    atlanticeanitlandedinthepowderhouseofeuropean

    disntentandinfranceitcausedanexplosionhrocked

    theentirentinentfroetrogradtodridandburiedthe

    representativeso
………………………………

第75节

    ftheoldstateacy

    underseveraltonsofdecraticbricks

    thefrenchrevolution

    thegreatfrens

    theprinciplesofliberty;

    frateityandequalityuntoall

    thepeopleoftheearth

    beforealkaboutarevolutionitisjustashat

    eansintheterofa

    greatrussianerandrussiansoughttoknothey

    aretalkingaboutinthisfieldarevolutionis‘‘asoverthrow;

    inafeitutionsakencenturies

    torootinthesoil;andseeofixedandiovablethat

    eventhestardentreforrshardlydaretoattackthen

    theirblingawayinabrief

    period;ofallthatuptothattihasposedtheessence

    ofsoiclifeinanation

    sucharevolutiontookplaceinfranceintheeighteenth

    centuryheoldcivilisationoftheuntryhadgrown

    stalethekinginthedaysoflouisxivhadbee

    everythinganderly

    thecivilservantofthefederalstate;founditselfhoutany

    dutiesandbeentoftheroyalurt

    thisfrenchstateoftheeighteenthcentury;ho

    inoneythisneyhadtobeproduced

    intheforftaxesunfortunatelythekingsoffrancehad

    notbeenstrongenoughtoforcethenobilityandtheclergy

    topaytheirshareofthesetaxeshencethetaxeswerepaid

    entirelybytheagriculturalpopulationbutthepeasants

    livingindrearyhovels;nolongerinintitentacththeir

    forrlandlords;butvictiofcruelandinpetentland

    agents;badtohey

    selvesincreasedretusupontheir

    landrelyantretaxesandnothingfortheelves

    andthereforetheyneglectedtheirfieldsaschastheydared

    henceptysplendour

    throughthevasthallsofhispalaces;habituallyfollowedby

    hungryofficeseekers;allofliveupontherevenueobtained

    froeasantsterthanthebeastsofthe

    fieldsitisnotapleasantpicture;butitisnotexaggerated

    therehersidetothesocalled‘‘ancien

    regiustkeepinnd

    aiddleclass;closelynnectedhthenobility

    bytheusualproarrying

    thepoorbaronssonandaurtposedofallthest

    entertainingpeopleoffrance;hadbroughtthepoliteartof

    graentasthebestbrains

    oftheuntryselvesh

    questionsofpoliticalenocs;theyspenttheiridlehours

    uponthediscussionofabstractideas

    asfashionsindesofthoughtandpersonalbehaviour

    arequiteaslikelytoruntoextresasfashionindress;it

    ostartificialsocietyofthatdayshould

    takeatrendousinterestinple

    lifethekingandthequeen;theabsoluteandunquestioned

    proprietorsofthisuntrygalledfrance;togetherhallits

    loniesanddependencies;toliveinfunnylittleuntry

    housesalldressedupaslkidsandstableboysandplayed

    atbeingshepherdsinahappyvaleofancienthellasaround

    thetheirurtiersdancedattendance;theirurtsicians

    posedlovelynuets;theirurtbarbersdevisedre

    andreelaborateandstlyheadgear;untilfroheerboredobr 》

    andlackofrealjobs;thisificialworldofversailles

    thegreatshofar

    ahisnoisyandrestlesscitytalkedofnothingbut

    thosesubjetheirown

    lives;justasanarvingalkofnothingexcept

    food

    aire;theurageousoldphilosopher;play;

    historianandnovelist;andthegreateneofall

    religiousandpoliticaltyranny;begantothrobsof

    criticisteverythingnnectedhtheestablishedorder

    ofthings;theandhis

    theatrionlywhenjean

    jaitiven

    andgavehisnteorariesdelightfuldescriptionsofthe

    happinessoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthispla;about

    hekleashedidaboutthechildren;uponwhose

    educationheheregnisedauthority;allfranceread

    his‘‘socialntractandthissocietyinhekingand

    thestatebittertearsheyheardrousseaus

    appealforaretutotheblesseddayshereal

    sovereigntyhadlaininthehandsofthepeopleandhe

    kinghadbeenrelytheservantofhispeople

    ontesquieupublishedhis‘‘persianlettersin

    inguishedpersiantravellerstutheing

    societyoffrancetopsyturvyandpokefunateverything

    frohekingdootheloofhissixhundred

    pastryoks;thebookiediatelythroughfour

    editionsandassuredtheerthousandsofreadersforhis

    fausdiscussionofthe‘‘spiritofthelahe

  
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