《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第27部分


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    beetothenee

    ofbrandenburg

    duringtheeleventh;th;thirteenthandfourteenth

    iliesexercisedthefunctionsof

    ierialgoveorinthisfrontierstatefinallyinthe

    fifteenthadeitsappear

    anencedtochangea

    sandyandforlofrontierterritoryintooneofthestefficient

    eiresofthedeworld

    thesehohenzolles;ovedfrobr 》

    thehistoricalstagebythebinedforcesofeuropeand

    arisouthegeytheywere

    ofveryhuleorigininthethcenturyacertainfrederick

    ofhohenzollehaddealuckyrriageandhadbeen

    appointedkeeperoftheberghisdescendants

    hadusedeveryprovetheir

    poerseveralcenturiesofchfulgrabbing;they

    hadbeenappointedtothedignityofeleegivento

    thosesovereignprincesperors

    oftheoldgeeireduringtherefortion;

    theyhadtakenthesideoftheprotestantsandtheearly

    seventeenthangthestpohe

    northgeprinces

    duringthethirtyyearshprotestantsand

    catholicshadplunderedbrandenburgandprussiahequal

    zealbutunderfrederick;thegreatelector;the

    dageklyrepairedandbyaarefuluseof

    alltheenocandintellectualforcesoftheuntry;astate

    hereicallynoe

    deprussia;astateinheindividualandhis

    ionshavebeenentirelyabsorbedbythe

    interestsofthenityasahisprussiadatesback

    tothefatheroffrederickthegreatfrederickiwas

    ahardoniousprussiansergeant;hagreat

    loveforbarrootoriesandstrongdutchtobac;anintense

    dislikeofallfrillsandfeathers;especiallyiftheywereof

    frenchorigin;andpossessedofbutoneideathatideawas

    dutysevereself;hetoleratednoweaknessinhis

    subjects;nsoldiersthe

    relationbetselfandhissonfrederickordial;

    tosaytheleasttheboorishnnersofthefatheroffended

    thefinerspiritofthesonthesonsloveforfrench

    nners;literature;philosophyandsicedbythe

    fatherasanifestationofsissynesstherefolloerrible

    outbreakbetperantsfrederick

    triedtoescapetoenglandheandurt

    rtialedandforcedtonessthedecapitationofhisbest

    friendthereuponaspartofhis

    punishnt;theyoungprincetoalittlefortress

    soheprovincestobetaughtthedetailsofhisfuture

    businessofbeingakingitprovedablessingindisguise

    etothethronein1740;heknewhowhis

    untryanagedfrohebirthcertificateofapaupers

    sontothenutestdetailofaplicatedannualbudget

    asanauthor;especiallyinhisbookcalledthe‘‘anti

    cchiavelli;frederickhadexpressedhisntetforthe

    politicalcreedoftheancientflorentinehistorian;whohad

    advisedhisprincelypupilstolieandcheatwas

    necessarytodosoforthebenefitoftheiruntrytheideal

    rulerinfrederiehefirstservantofhispeople;

    theenlighteneddespotaftertheexaleoflouisxivin

    practice;hok;whileworkingforhispeople

    tasa

    unsellorhisnisterslerksprussiawashis

    privatepossession;tobetreatedacrdingtohisownwishes

    andnothingointerferehtheinterestofthe

    state

    intheyear1740theeerorcharlesvi;ofaustria;

    diedhehadtriedtokethepositionofhisonlydaughter;

    riatheresa;sentreaty;tenblack

    onentbutnosoonerhad

    theoldeerorbeendepositedintheancestralcryptofthe

    habsburgfaly;thanthearesoffrederickarching

    toheaustrianfrontiertooccupythatpartofsilesiafor

    osteverythingelseincentraleurope

    prussiaeancientandvery

    doubtfulrightsofclaiinanuerofk

    nqueredallofsilesia;andalthoughheenverynear

    defeat;heintainedhielfinhisneerritories

    againstallaustrianunterattacks

    europetookduenoticeofthissuddenappearanceofa

    verypoans

    hegreatreligious

    byanyonefrederick;

    byaneffortassuddenandquiteasterrificasthatof

    peterofrussia;ptintoone

    offeartheintealaffairsofprussiawerearrang
………………………………

第72节

    edso

    skillfullythatthesubjectshadlessreasonforplaintthan

    elsereasuryshoeadofa

    deficittorturewas

    irovedgoodroadsandgoodschoolsandgooduniversities;

    togetherinistration;dethe

    peoplefeelthatandedofthe

    theytospeaktheveaoneysh

    afterhavingbeenforseveralcenturiesthebattlefieldof

    thefrenchandtheaustriansandtheshedanes

    andthepoles;gey;enuragedbytheexaleofprussia;

    begantoregainselfnfidenceandthisheworkof

    thelittleoldn;svered

    hsnuff;veryunpleasantthings

    abouthisneighbours;andeof

    eighteenthcenturydiplocyhoutanyregardforthetruth;

    providedheuldgainsothingbyhisliesthisinspiteof

    hisbook;‘‘anticchiavelliintheyear1786theend

    cahisfriendshildrenhehadneverhad

    hediedalone;tendedbyasingleservantandhisfaithful

    dogs;helovedbetterthanhunbeingsbecause;ashe

    said;theyainedtruetotheir

    friends

    thercantilesystebr 》

    hoheneionalor

    dynasticstatesofeuropetriedto

    ketheelvesrichandwas

    antbythercantilesystebr 》

    eenthandtheseventeenth

    odeotakeshape

    theiroriginsosteverycasesohad

    beentheresultofthedeliberateeffortofasinglekingothers

    hadhappenedbychancestillothershadbeentheresultof

    favourablenaturalgeographicboundariesbutoncetheyhad

    beenfounded;theyhadalloftheriedtostrengthentheir

    intealadnistrationandtoexertthegreatestpossibleinfluence

    uponforeignaffairsallthisofursehadstagreat

    dealofneythediaevalstatehitslackofcentralised

    podependuponarichtreasurythekinggothis

    revenuesfrohecroainsandhiscivilservicepaidfor

    itselfthedecentralisedstateoreplicated

    affairtheoldknightsdisappearedandhiredgovent

    offiy;navy;and

    intealadnistrationdendedllionsthequestionthen

    becaoneytobefound

    goldandsilverhadbeenararedityintheddle

    agestheaveragen;asihavetoldyou;neversawagold

    pieceaslongashelivedonlytheinhabitantsofthelarge

    citiesiliarerica

    andtheexploitationoftheperuvianneschangedallthis

    theediterraneanto

    theatlantiercialcitiesofitalylost

    theirfinanercialnationstook

    theirplaceandgoldandsilvery

    throughspainandportugalandhollandandengland;

    preetalsbegantofindtheiroeuropethesixteenth

    centuryhaditsoersonthesubjectofpolitical

    enoandtheyevolvedatheoryofnationalhh

    seedtothentirelysoundandofthegreatestpossible

    benefittotheirrespectiveuntriestheyreasonedthatboth

    goldandsilverualhthereforetheybelieved

    thattheuntryhthelargestsupplyofactualcashinthe

    vaultsofitstreasuryanditsbanksetithe

    rieantares;itfollowed

    thattherichestuntryostpoould

    ruletherestoftheworld

    the‘‘rcantilesysteanditwas

    acceptedeunquestioningfaithhhe

    earlychristiansbelievedinraclesandnyofthepresent

    dayaricanbusinessnbelieveinthetariffinpractice;

    thercantilesystesfollothe

    largestsurplusofpreetalsauntrysthavea

    favourablebalanoreto

    youeighbourthanheexportstoyourory;hewill

    ooneyandeofhis

    goldhenceyougainandhelosesasaresultofthiscreed;

    theenoofalsteveryseventeenthcentury

    statewasasfollows:

    1trytogetpossessionofasnypreetals

    asyoucan

    2enurageforeigntradeinpreferenestic

    trade

    3enuragethoseindustriesaterials

    intoexportablefinishedproducts

    4enuragealargepopulation;foryouen

    foryourfaunity

    doesnotraiseenoughen

    5letthestatechthisprocessandinterferewhenever

    itisnecessarytodoso

    insteadofregardinginteationaltradeassothing

    akintoaforceofnatureainnatural

    laansinterference;thepeopleofthe

    sixteenthandseventeenthcenturiestriedtoregulatetheir

    rcebythehelpofofficialdecreesandroyallaial

    helponthepartofthegovent

    inthesixteenthercantile

    systethingentirelyneroduced

    itintohisnypossessionselizabethofengland

    flatteredhiyheritationthebourbons;especiallyking

    louisxiv;icaladherentsofthisdoctrineandlbert;

    hisgreatnisteroffinanercantilisbr 》

    toalleuropelookedforguidance

    theentireforeignpoliical

    appliercantilesysteited

    againsttherichrivalrepublifhollandforthedutch

    shippers;asthenerchandiseofeurope;

    hadcertainleaningstoradeandthereforehad

    tobedestroyedatallst

    itstaffect

    theloniesalonyunderthercantilesysteeca

    relyareservoirofgoldandsilverandspices;hwas

    tobetappedforthebenefitofthehountrytheasiatic;

    arietalsandtheraw

    terialsofthesetropicaluntriesbecaanopolyof

    thestateoohatparticularlonyno

    outsiderhintheprecinctsandnonative

    ittedtotradeerchantwhoseshipflewa

    foreignflag

    undoubtedlytherent

    ofyoungindustriesincertainuntrieshere

    never
………………………………

第73节

    hadbeenanynufacturingbeforeitbuiltroads

    anddugeansoftransportation

    itdendedgreaterskillangtheenandgavethe

    rchantabettersocialposition;hepower

    ofthelandedaristocracy

    ontheotherhand;itcausedverygreatseryitde

    thenativesintheloniestheviostshaless

    exploitationitexposedtheeuntrytoan

    evenreterriblefateithelpedinagreatasuretotu

    everylandintoanardcaanddividedtheolittle

    bitsofterritory;eachsobenefit;

    estodestroytheposneighbours

    andgetholdoftheirtreasuresitlaidsochstress

    upontheiortanceofoe

    toberegardedasthesolevirtueoftheaveragecitizenenoc

    systeeandgolikethefashionsinsurgeryand

    intheclothesofen;andduringthenieenthcenturythe

    rcantilesysteffree

    andopenpetitionatleast;soihavebeentold

    thearicanrevolution

    attheendoftheeighteenthcentury

    europeheardstrangereportsof

    sothinghhadhappenedin

    theerican

    ntinentthedescendants

    ofthenwhohadpunishedking

    charlesforhisinsistenceuponhis

    ‘‘divinerightsaddedaneer

    totheoldstoryofthestruggle

    forselfgovent

    forthesakeofnvenience;togobacka

    feuriesandrepeattheearlyhistoryofthegreat

    struggleforlonialpossessions

    assoonasanuerofeuropeannationshadbeen

    createdupontheneionalordynasticinterests;

    thatistosay;duringandiediatelyafterthethirty

    yearsheirrulers;backedupbythecapitalof

    theirrchantsandtheshipsoftheirtradingpanies;

    ntinuedthefightforreterritoryinasia;africaandarica

    thespaniardsandtheportuguesehadbeenexploringthe

    indianseaandthepaorethanacenturyere

    hollandandenglandappeareduponthestagethisproved

    anadvantagetothelatterthefirstroughworkhadalready

    beendoneore;theearliestnavigatorshadsooften

    detheelvesunpopularericanand

    africannativesthatboththeenglishandthedutchwere

    edasfriendsanddeliverersany

    superiorvirtuesforeitherofthesettheywere

    rchantsbeforeeverythingelsetheyneverallowedreligious

    nsiderationstointerferensense

    duringtheirfirstrelationshes;alleuropean

    nationshavebehavedhshockingbrutalitytheenglishand

    thedutch;hoterodrahedineprovided

    theygottheirspicesandtheirgoldandsilverandtheirtaxes;

    they

    itthereforetoestablish

    theelvesintherichestpartsoftheassoonas

    thishadbeenacplished;theybegantofighteachotherfor

    stillfurtherpossessionsstrangelyenough;thelonialwars

    selvestheyided

    threethousandlesahenaviesofthentending

    untriesitisoneofthestinterestingprinciplesofancient

    anddehefew
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