beetothenee
ofbrandenburg
duringtheeleventh;th;thirteenthandfourteenth
iliesexercisedthefunctionsof
ierialgoveorinthisfrontierstatefinallyinthe
fifteenthadeitsappear
anencedtochangea
sandyandforlofrontierterritoryintooneofthestefficient
eiresofthedeworld
thesehohenzolles;ovedfrobr 》
thehistoricalstagebythebinedforcesofeuropeand
arisouthegeytheywere
ofveryhuleorigininthethcenturyacertainfrederick
ofhohenzollehaddealuckyrriageandhadbeen
appointedkeeperoftheberghisdescendants
hadusedeveryprovetheir
poerseveralcenturiesofchfulgrabbing;they
hadbeenappointedtothedignityofeleegivento
thosesovereignprincesperors
oftheoldgeeireduringtherefortion;
theyhadtakenthesideoftheprotestantsandtheearly
seventeenthangthestpohe
northgeprinces
duringthethirtyyearshprotestantsand
catholicshadplunderedbrandenburgandprussiahequal
zealbutunderfrederick;thegreatelector;the
dageklyrepairedandbyaarefuluseof
alltheenocandintellectualforcesoftheuntry;astate
hereicallynoe
deprussia;astateinheindividualandhis
ionshavebeenentirelyabsorbedbythe
interestsofthenityasahisprussiadatesback
tothefatheroffrederickthegreatfrederickiwas
ahardoniousprussiansergeant;hagreat
loveforbarrootoriesandstrongdutchtobac;anintense
dislikeofallfrillsandfeathers;especiallyiftheywereof
frenchorigin;andpossessedofbutoneideathatideawas
dutysevereself;hetoleratednoweaknessinhis
subjects;nsoldiersthe
relationbetselfandhissonfrederickordial;
tosaytheleasttheboorishnnersofthefatheroffended
thefinerspiritofthesonthesonsloveforfrench
nners;literature;philosophyandsicedbythe
fatherasanifestationofsissynesstherefolloerrible
outbreakbetperantsfrederick
triedtoescapetoenglandheandurt
rtialedandforcedtonessthedecapitationofhisbest
friendthereuponaspartofhis
punishnt;theyoungprincetoalittlefortress
soheprovincestobetaughtthedetailsofhisfuture
businessofbeingakingitprovedablessingindisguise
etothethronein1740;heknewhowhis
untryanagedfrohebirthcertificateofapaupers
sontothenutestdetailofaplicatedannualbudget
asanauthor;especiallyinhisbookcalledthe‘‘anti
cchiavelli;frederickhadexpressedhisntetforthe
politicalcreedoftheancientflorentinehistorian;whohad
advisedhisprincelypupilstolieandcheatwas
necessarytodosoforthebenefitoftheiruntrytheideal
rulerinfrederiehefirstservantofhispeople;
theenlighteneddespotaftertheexaleoflouisxivin
practice;hok;whileworkingforhispeople
tasa
unsellorhisnisterslerksprussiawashis
privatepossession;tobetreatedacrdingtohisownwishes
andnothingointerferehtheinterestofthe
state
intheyear1740theeerorcharlesvi;ofaustria;
diedhehadtriedtokethepositionofhisonlydaughter;
riatheresa;sentreaty;tenblack
onentbutnosoonerhad
theoldeerorbeendepositedintheancestralcryptofthe
habsburgfaly;thanthearesoffrederickarching
toheaustrianfrontiertooccupythatpartofsilesiafor
osteverythingelseincentraleurope
prussiaeancientandvery
doubtfulrightsofclaiinanuerofk
nqueredallofsilesia;andalthoughheenverynear
defeat;heintainedhielfinhisneerritories
againstallaustrianunterattacks
europetookduenoticeofthissuddenappearanceofa
verypoans
hegreatreligious
byanyonefrederick;
byaneffortassuddenandquiteasterrificasthatof
peterofrussia;ptintoone
offeartheintealaffairsofprussiawerearrang
………………………………
第72节
edso
skillfullythatthesubjectshadlessreasonforplaintthan
elsereasuryshoeadofa
deficittorturewas
irovedgoodroadsandgoodschoolsandgooduniversities;
togetherinistration;dethe
peoplefeelthatandedofthe
theytospeaktheveaoneysh
afterhavingbeenforseveralcenturiesthebattlefieldof
thefrenchandtheaustriansandtheshedanes
andthepoles;gey;enuragedbytheexaleofprussia;
begantoregainselfnfidenceandthisheworkof
thelittleoldn;svered
hsnuff;veryunpleasantthings
abouthisneighbours;andeof
eighteenthcenturydiplocyhoutanyregardforthetruth;
providedheuldgainsothingbyhisliesthisinspiteof
hisbook;‘‘anticchiavelliintheyear1786theend
cahisfriendshildrenhehadneverhad
hediedalone;tendedbyasingleservantandhisfaithful
dogs;helovedbetterthanhunbeingsbecause;ashe
said;theyainedtruetotheir
friends
thercantilesystebr 》
hoheneionalor
dynasticstatesofeuropetriedto
ketheelvesrichandwas
antbythercantilesystebr 》
eenthandtheseventeenth
odeotakeshape
theiroriginsosteverycasesohad
beentheresultofthedeliberateeffortofasinglekingothers
hadhappenedbychancestillothershadbeentheresultof
favourablenaturalgeographicboundariesbutoncetheyhad
beenfounded;theyhadalloftheriedtostrengthentheir
intealadnistrationandtoexertthegreatestpossibleinfluence
uponforeignaffairsallthisofursehadstagreat
dealofneythediaevalstatehitslackofcentralised
podependuponarichtreasurythekinggothis
revenuesfrohecroainsandhiscivilservicepaidfor
itselfthedecentralisedstateoreplicated
affairtheoldknightsdisappearedandhiredgovent
offiy;navy;and
intealadnistrationdendedllionsthequestionthen
becaoneytobefound
goldandsilverhadbeenararedityintheddle
agestheaveragen;asihavetoldyou;neversawagold
pieceaslongashelivedonlytheinhabitantsofthelarge
citiesiliarerica
andtheexploitationoftheperuvianneschangedallthis
theediterraneanto
theatlantiercialcitiesofitalylost
theirfinanercialnationstook
theirplaceandgoldandsilvery
throughspainandportugalandhollandandengland;
preetalsbegantofindtheiroeuropethesixteenth
centuryhaditsoersonthesubjectofpolitical
enoandtheyevolvedatheoryofnationalhh
seedtothentirelysoundandofthegreatestpossible
benefittotheirrespectiveuntriestheyreasonedthatboth
goldandsilverualhthereforetheybelieved
thattheuntryhthelargestsupplyofactualcashinthe
vaultsofitstreasuryanditsbanksetithe
rieantares;itfollowed
thattherichestuntryostpoould
ruletherestoftheworld
the‘‘rcantilesysteanditwas
acceptedeunquestioningfaithhhe
earlychristiansbelievedinraclesandnyofthepresent
dayaricanbusinessnbelieveinthetariffinpractice;
thercantilesystesfollothe
largestsurplusofpreetalsauntrysthavea
favourablebalanoreto
youeighbourthanheexportstoyourory;hewill
ooneyandeofhis
goldhenceyougainandhelosesasaresultofthiscreed;
theenoofalsteveryseventeenthcentury
statewasasfollows:
1trytogetpossessionofasnypreetals
asyoucan
2enurageforeigntradeinpreferenestic
trade
3enuragethoseindustriesaterials
intoexportablefinishedproducts
4enuragealargepopulation;foryouen
foryourfaunity
doesnotraiseenoughen
5letthestatechthisprocessandinterferewhenever
itisnecessarytodoso
insteadofregardinginteationaltradeassothing
akintoaforceofnatureainnatural
laansinterference;thepeopleofthe
sixteenthandseventeenthcenturiestriedtoregulatetheir
rcebythehelpofofficialdecreesandroyallaial
helponthepartofthegovent
inthesixteenthercantile
systethingentirelyneroduced
itintohisnypossessionselizabethofengland
flatteredhiyheritationthebourbons;especiallyking
louisxiv;icaladherentsofthisdoctrineandlbert;
hisgreatnisteroffinanercantilisbr 》
toalleuropelookedforguidance
theentireforeignpoliical
appliercantilesysteited
againsttherichrivalrepublifhollandforthedutch
shippers;asthenerchandiseofeurope;
hadcertainleaningstoradeandthereforehad
tobedestroyedatallst
itstaffect
theloniesalonyunderthercantilesysteeca
relyareservoirofgoldandsilverandspices;hwas
tobetappedforthebenefitofthehountrytheasiatic;
arietalsandtheraw
terialsofthesetropicaluntriesbecaanopolyof
thestateoohatparticularlonyno
outsiderhintheprecinctsandnonative
ittedtotradeerchantwhoseshipflewa
foreignflag
undoubtedlytherent
ofyoungindustriesincertainuntrieshere
never
………………………………
第73节
hadbeenanynufacturingbeforeitbuiltroads
anddugeansoftransportation
itdendedgreaterskillangtheenandgavethe
rchantabettersocialposition;hepower
ofthelandedaristocracy
ontheotherhand;itcausedverygreatseryitde
thenativesintheloniestheviostshaless
exploitationitexposedtheeuntrytoan
evenreterriblefateithelpedinagreatasuretotu
everylandintoanardcaanddividedtheolittle
bitsofterritory;eachsobenefit;
estodestroytheposneighbours
andgetholdoftheirtreasuresitlaidsochstress
upontheiortanceofoe
toberegardedasthesolevirtueoftheaveragecitizenenoc
systeeandgolikethefashionsinsurgeryand
intheclothesofen;andduringthenieenthcenturythe
rcantilesysteffree
andopenpetitionatleast;soihavebeentold
thearicanrevolution
attheendoftheeighteenthcentury
europeheardstrangereportsof
sothinghhadhappenedin
theerican
ntinentthedescendants
ofthenwhohadpunishedking
charlesforhisinsistenceuponhis
‘‘divinerightsaddedaneer
totheoldstoryofthestruggle
forselfgovent
forthesakeofnvenience;togobacka
feuriesandrepeattheearlyhistoryofthegreat
struggleforlonialpossessions
assoonasanuerofeuropeannationshadbeen
createdupontheneionalordynasticinterests;
thatistosay;duringandiediatelyafterthethirty
yearsheirrulers;backedupbythecapitalof
theirrchantsandtheshipsoftheirtradingpanies;
ntinuedthefightforreterritoryinasia;africaandarica
thespaniardsandtheportuguesehadbeenexploringthe
indianseaandthepaorethanacenturyere
hollandandenglandappeareduponthestagethisproved
anadvantagetothelatterthefirstroughworkhadalready
beendoneore;theearliestnavigatorshadsooften
detheelvesunpopularericanand
africannativesthatboththeenglishandthedutchwere
edasfriendsanddeliverersany
superiorvirtuesforeitherofthesettheywere
rchantsbeforeeverythingelsetheyneverallowedreligious
nsiderationstointerferensense
duringtheirfirstrelationshes;alleuropean
nationshavebehavedhshockingbrutalitytheenglishand
thedutch;hoterodrahedineprovided
theygottheirspicesandtheirgoldandsilverandtheirtaxes;
they
itthereforetoestablish
theelvesintherichestpartsoftheassoonas
thishadbeenacplished;theybegantofighteachotherfor
stillfurtherpossessionsstrangelyenough;thelonialwars
selvestheyided
threethousandlesahenaviesofthentending
untriesitisoneofthestinterestingprinciplesofancient
anddehefew
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