asllstatebeenfoundedbutitongeight
oineheirsulefttheirterritorytoaneverincreasing
nuerofdescendantsitall
petingstatesshouldquarrelangtheelvesanarchy
heorderofthedayandheredgloheeaste
horizontoldthepeopleofthethreatenedinvasionofasavage
asiatictribe;thelittlestatesoooodivide
………………………………
第69节
d
torenderanysortofdefenceagainstthisterribleene
itheyear1224thatthefirstgreattartarinvasion
tookplaceandthatthehordesofjenghizkhan;thenqueror
ofadetheirfirst
appearanceintheiesennear
thekalkariverandrussiaerongolians
justassuddenlyastheyhadetheydisappeared
thirteenyearslater;in1237;hoheyretuedinless
thanfiveyearstheynqueredeverypartofthevastrussian
plainsuntiltheyear1380itrydonskoi;grand
dukeofsontheplainsofkulikovo;the
tartarsastersoftherussianpeople
allinall;ittooktherussiansturiestodeliver
theelvesfrohisyokeforayokeitost
offensiveandobjectionableoneittuedtheslavicpeasants
intoserableslavesnorussianuldhopetosurviveun
lessheanwho
satinatentsoheheartofthesteppesofsouthe
russiaandspatathiitdeprivedthessofthepeopleof
allfeelingofhonourandindependenceitdehungerand
seryandltreatntandpersonalabusethenorlstate
ofhunexistenceuntilatlasttheaveragerussian;werehe
peasantooblen;abouthisbusinesslikeaneglected
dogensooftenthathisspirithasbeenbroken
andhedarenotission
thereenofthetartarkhan
ercilesstheendlessprairiedidnotgivea
nachancetocrossintothesafeterritoryofhisneighbour
hestkeepquietandbearasterdecided
toinfliorruntheriskofdeathofurse;europe
ghthaveinterferedbuteuropewasengageduponbusiness
ofitsoingthequarrelsbethepopeand
theeerororsuppressingthisorthatortheotherheresy
andsoeuropelefttheslavtohisfate;andforcedhio
hisoion
thefinalsaviourofrussiaanysllstates;
foundedbytheearlynorserulersituatedintheheart
oftherussianplainitscapital;seep
hillonthebanksofthesktleprincipality;
bydintofpleasingthetartaro
please;andopposinghidoso;had;
duringtheddleofthefourteenthcenturydeitselfthe
leaderofaneustbereeredthatthe
tartarsinnstructivepoliticalability
theyuldonlydestroytheirchiefainnqueringnew
territoriesoobtainrevenuetogetthisrevenueinthe
forftaxes;itnantsof
theoldpoliticalorganizationtontinuehencetherewere
nylittletohegraceofthegreatkhan;
thattheyghtactastaxgatherersandrobtheieighbours
forthebenefitofthetartartreasury
thestateofsattheexpenseofthe
surroundingterritory;finallybecastrongenoughtorisk
openrebellionagainstitssters;thetartarsitcessful
anditsfaastheleaderinthecauseofrussianindependence
deshenaturalcentreforallthosewho
stillbelievedinabetterfuturefortheslavicraceintheyear
1458;nstantinopleakenbytheturkstenyears
later;undertheruleofivaniii;sedthe
totheworldly
andspiritualinheritanpire;and
suaneireashadsurvivedin
nstantinopleagenerationafterheterrible;
thegranddukesofsrongenoughtoadoptthe
titleofandregnitionbythee
powersofeurope
intheyear1598;usvite
dynasty;desanrurik;cato
anendforthenextsevenyears;atartarhalfbreed;bythe
naofborisgodunowasduring
thisperiodthatthefuturedestinyofthelargessesofthe
russianpeoplepirehinland
butverypoorinneythereradeandtherewere
nofactoriesitsfeposed
ofastrongentandavastnuerof
illiteratepeasantsthisgovent;axtureofslavic;
norse;byzantineandtartarinfluences;regnisednothing
beyondtheinterestofthestatetodefendthisstate;it
neededanartogatherthetaxes;hessary
topaythesoldiers;itneededany
officialsitneededlandinthevastheeast
andditybut
landhoutafeotillthefieldsandtendthe
adicpeasants
ertheother;untilfinally;during
thefirstyearofthesixteenthcentury;theyally
deapartofthesoiluponheylivedtherussian
peasantsentheybecaserfsorslaves
andtheyreinedserfsuntiltheyear1861;heirfate
hadbeesoterriblethattheyodieout
intheseventeenthcentury;thisneatehitsgrowing
territorye
aforcehherestofeuropeo
reckonin1618;afterthedeathofborisgodunohe
russiannobleshadelectedoneoftheirobertobe
tsarheily
ofronotlehousejustoutsidethe
krein
intheyear1672hisgreatgrandson;peter;thesonofanother
feodor;hechildenyearsold;
hisstepsistersophiatookpossessionoftherussianthrone
thelittleboyospendhisdaysinthesuburbsof
thenationalcapital;heforeignerslivedsurrounded
bystchbarkeepers;dutchtraders;shecaries;italian
barbers;frenasters;
theyoungprinceobtainedafirstbutratherextraordinary
iressionofthatfaraysteriouseuropewhere
thingsly
whenheeenyearsold;hesuddenlypushed
sistersophiafrohethronepeterhielfbecatheruler
ofrussiahententedhbeingthetsarofa
sebarbarousandhalfasiatiustbethesovereign
headofacivilisednationtochangerussiaoveight
frobyzantiartarstateint
………………………………
第70节
oaeuropeaneirewasno
sllundertakingitneededstronghandsandacapable
headpeterpossessedbothintheyear1698;thegreat
operationofgraftingdeeuropeuponancientrussiawas
perfordthepatientdidnotdiebuthenevergotover
theshock;astheeventsofthelastfiveyearshaveshownvery
plainly
russiavssweden
russiaandsanyo
decideheleading
poheasteeurope
intheyear1698;tsarpetersetforthuponhisfirst
voyagetoeeuropehetravelledbywayofberlinand
ost
beendroedeboatintheduckpondof
hisfathersuntryhothispassionforained
totheendofhislifeinapracticalshowed
itselfinhisainsaccessto
theopensea
heunpopularandharshyoungrulerwasaway
froo;thefriendsoftheoldrussianos
tosasuddenrebellionang
hislifeguards;thestreltsiregint;forcedpetertohasten
hobythefastilheappointedhielfexecutionerin
chiefandthestreltsieredandkilledto
thelastnsistersophia;heheadofthe
rebellion;erandtheruleofpeterbe
ganineaestthissceneedintheyear1716when
peterhadgoneonhissendethe
reactionariesfolloheleadershipofpetershalfted
son;alexisagainthetsarretuedingreathastealexis
entodeathinhisprisoncellandthefriendsofthe
oldfashionedbyzantinearchedthousandsofdreary
lestotheirfinaldestinationinthesiberianleadnes
afterthat;nofurtheroutbreaksofpopulardisntenttook
plainpeace
itisnoteasytogiveyoualistofhisreforinchronological
orderthetsarhfurioushastehefollowed
nosysteheissuedhisdecreeshsuchrapiditythatitis
diffiedtofeelthateverything
thathadeverhappenedbeforeirelyhewhole
ofrussiathereforestbechangedhintheshortestpossible
tibehindayof
200;000nandanavyoffiftyshipstheoldsystefgovent
hadbeenabolishedoveightthedu;ovention
ofnobles;hadbeendisssedandinitsstead;thetsar
hadsurroundedhielfhanadvisoryboardofstateofficials;
calledthesenate
russiaentsorprovinces
roadsructedtoindustries
edpleasedthetsar;houtanyregard
forthepresenceofraaterialcanalsines
ountainsoftheeastinthislandofilliterates;
schoolsentsofhigherleaing;
togetherhuniversitiesandhospitalsandprofessional
senandartisans
frollovertheovetorussia
printingshopsustbefirstread
bytheierialcensorsthedutiesofeachclassofsociety
ofcivilandcrinallaheredintoaseriesofprinted
volustheoldrussianstusperial
deen;ardhscissors;ching
alltheuntryroads;ou
jikssuddenlyintoapleasingitationofsothshaven
europeans
inreligioustters;thetsartoleratednodivisionof
poustbenochanceofarivalrybetweenan
eerorandapopeashadhappenedineuropeintheyear
1721;peterdehielfheadoftherussianchurchthe
patriarosheholysynod
deitsappearanceasthehighestsourceofauthorityinall
ttersoftheestablishedchurch
sinsuldnotbesuccess
fulentshadarallyingpointinthe
toovehisgoventtoa
neidsttheunhealthyrshesofthebalticsea
thetsarbuiltthishelandin
theyear1703fortythousandpeasantsworkedforyears
tolaythefoundationsforthisierialcitytheswedes
attackedpeterandtriedtodestroyhistownandillnessand
serykilledtensofthousandsofthepeasantsbutthework
r;andthereadydetown
soonbegantogroheyear1712;itiallyde
perialresidenceadozenyearslater
ithad75;000inhabitantstheywas
floodedbythenevabuttheterrifichetsar
erdiedin1725heheohelargestcity
innortheeurope
ofurse;thissuddengrowthofsodangerousarivalhad
beenasourceofgreathis
side;peterhadanyadventuresof
hisbalticrival;thekingdofsheyear1654;
christina;theonlydaughterofgustavusadolphus;thehero
ofthethirtyyearshethroneandhad
goorotoendherdaysasadevoutcatholicaprotestant
nepheavusadolphushadsucceededthelast
queenofthehouseofvasaundercharlesxandcharles
xi;theneyhadbroughtsoitshighestpoint
ofdevelopntbutin1697;charlesxidiedsuddenlyand
een;charlesxii
thisontforanyofthenorthestates
hadedduringthegreatreligiousheseventeenth
century;stheexpenseofheeighbours
thetihade;sotheohought;tobalancetheacunt
atonceark
andsaxonyontheoneside;andsheother
theraiesofpeterrouslybeaten
byberof
theyear1700thenostinterestinglitary
geniusesofthaties
andfoineyearshehackedandbuedhishroughthe
villagesandarkandthebaltic
provinces;erdrilledandtrainedhissoldiersindistant
russia
asaresult;intheyear1709;inthebattleofpoltahe
svitesdestroyedtheexhaustedaresofswede
………………………………
第71节
ncharles
ntinuedtobeahighlypicturesquefigure;awonderfulhero
ofronce;butinhisvainattettohavehisrevenge;he
ruinedhisoryintheyear1718;heally
killedorassassinatedknohande
adein1721;inthetoadt;sall
ofherforrbalticpossessionsexceptfinlandthenew
russianstate;createdbypeter;hadbeetheleadingpower
ofnortheeuropebutalreadyanehe
ateakingshape
theriseofprussia
theextraordinaryriseofalittle
stateinadrearypartofnorthe
gey;calledprussia
thehistoryofprussiaisthehistoryofafrontierdistrict
intheninthcentury;charlegnehadtransferredtheold
thediterraneantothewildregions
ofnortheeuropehisfrankishsoldiershadpushed
thefrontierofeuropefurtherandfurthertoheeast
theyhadnquerednylandsfroheheathenishslavsand
lithuaniansheplainbethebaltic
seaandtheinistered
thoseoutlyingdistrictsjustastheunitedstatesused
toadnisterherterritoriesbeforetheyachievedthedignity
ofstatehood
thefrontierstateofbrandenburghadbeenoriginally
foundedbycharlegodefendhiseastepossessions
againstraidsoftheribesthe
tribeedthatregion;edduringthe
tenthcenturyandtheirrketplace;bythenaofbrennabor;
beetothenee
ofbrandenburg
duringtheeleventh;th;thirteenthandfourteenth
iliesexercised
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