《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第26部分


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    asllstatebeenfoundedbutitongeight

    oineheirsulefttheirterritorytoaneverincreasing

    nuerofdescendantsitall

    petingstatesshouldquarrelangtheelvesanarchy

    heorderofthedayandheredgloheeaste

    horizontoldthepeopleofthethreatenedinvasionofasavage

    asiatictribe;thelittlestatesoooodivide
………………………………

第69节

    d

    torenderanysortofdefenceagainstthisterribleene

    itheyear1224thatthefirstgreattartarinvasion

    tookplaceandthatthehordesofjenghizkhan;thenqueror

    ofadetheirfirst

    appearanceintheiesennear

    thekalkariverandrussiaerongolians

    justassuddenlyastheyhadetheydisappeared

    thirteenyearslater;in1237;hoheyretuedinless

    thanfiveyearstheynqueredeverypartofthevastrussian

    plainsuntiltheyear1380itrydonskoi;grand

    dukeofsontheplainsofkulikovo;the

    tartarsastersoftherussianpeople

    allinall;ittooktherussiansturiestodeliver

    theelvesfrohisyokeforayokeitost

    offensiveandobjectionableoneittuedtheslavicpeasants

    intoserableslavesnorussianuldhopetosurviveun

    lessheanwho

    satinatentsoheheartofthesteppesofsouthe

    russiaandspatathiitdeprivedthessofthepeopleof

    allfeelingofhonourandindependenceitdehungerand

    seryandltreatntandpersonalabusethenorlstate

    ofhunexistenceuntilatlasttheaveragerussian;werehe

    peasantooblen;abouthisbusinesslikeaneglected

    dogensooftenthathisspirithasbeenbroken

    andhedarenotission

    thereenofthetartarkhan

    ercilesstheendlessprairiedidnotgivea

    nachancetocrossintothesafeterritoryofhisneighbour

    hestkeepquietandbearasterdecided

    toinfliorruntheriskofdeathofurse;europe

    ghthaveinterferedbuteuropewasengageduponbusiness

    ofitsoingthequarrelsbethepopeand

    theeerororsuppressingthisorthatortheotherheresy

    andsoeuropelefttheslavtohisfate;andforcedhio

    hisoion

    thefinalsaviourofrussiaanysllstates;

    foundedbytheearlynorserulersituatedintheheart

    oftherussianplainitscapital;seep

    hillonthebanksofthesktleprincipality;

    bydintofpleasingthetartaro

    please;andopposinghidoso;had;

    duringtheddleofthefourteenthcenturydeitselfthe

    leaderofaneustbereeredthatthe

    tartarsinnstructivepoliticalability

    theyuldonlydestroytheirchiefainnqueringnew

    territoriesoobtainrevenuetogetthisrevenueinthe

    forftaxes;itnantsof

    theoldpoliticalorganizationtontinuehencetherewere

    nylittletohegraceofthegreatkhan;

    thattheyghtactastaxgatherersandrobtheieighbours

    forthebenefitofthetartartreasury

    thestateofsattheexpenseofthe

    surroundingterritory;finallybecastrongenoughtorisk

    openrebellionagainstitssters;thetartarsitcessful

    anditsfaastheleaderinthecauseofrussianindependence

    deshenaturalcentreforallthosewho

    stillbelievedinabetterfuturefortheslavicraceintheyear

    1458;nstantinopleakenbytheturkstenyears

    later;undertheruleofivaniii;sedthe

    totheworldly

    andspiritualinheritanpire;and

    suaneireashadsurvivedin

    nstantinopleagenerationafterheterrible;

    thegranddukesofsrongenoughtoadoptthe

    titleofandregnitionbythee

    powersofeurope

    intheyear1598;usvite

    dynasty;desanrurik;cato

    anendforthenextsevenyears;atartarhalfbreed;bythe

    naofborisgodunowasduring

    thisperiodthatthefuturedestinyofthelargessesofthe

    russianpeoplepirehinland

    butverypoorinneythereradeandtherewere

    nofactoriesitsfeposed

    ofastrongentandavastnuerof

    illiteratepeasantsthisgovent;axtureofslavic;

    norse;byzantineandtartarinfluences;regnisednothing

    beyondtheinterestofthestatetodefendthisstate;it

    neededanartogatherthetaxes;hessary

    topaythesoldiers;itneededany

    officialsitneededlandinthevastheeast

    andditybut

    landhoutafeotillthefieldsandtendthe

    adicpeasants

    ertheother;untilfinally;during

    thefirstyearofthesixteenthcentury;theyally

    deapartofthesoiluponheylivedtherussian

    peasantsentheybecaserfsorslaves

    andtheyreinedserfsuntiltheyear1861;heirfate

    hadbeesoterriblethattheyodieout

    intheseventeenthcentury;thisneatehitsgrowing

    territorye

    aforcehherestofeuropeo

    reckonin1618;afterthedeathofborisgodunohe

    russiannobleshadelectedoneoftheirobertobe

    tsarheily

    ofronotlehousejustoutsidethe

    krein

    intheyear1672hisgreatgrandson;peter;thesonofanother

    feodor;hechildenyearsold;

    hisstepsistersophiatookpossessionoftherussianthrone

    thelittleboyospendhisdaysinthesuburbsof

    thenationalcapital;heforeignerslivedsurrounded

    bystchbarkeepers;dutchtraders;shecaries;italian

    barbers;frenasters;

    theyoungprinceobtainedafirstbutratherextraordinary

    iressionofthatfaraysteriouseuropewhere

    thingsly

    whenheeenyearsold;hesuddenlypushed

    sistersophiafrohethronepeterhielfbecatheruler

    ofrussiahententedhbeingthetsarofa

    sebarbarousandhalfasiatiustbethesovereign

    headofacivilisednationtochangerussiaoveight

    frobyzantiartarstateint
………………………………

第70节

    oaeuropeaneirewasno

    sllundertakingitneededstronghandsandacapable

    headpeterpossessedbothintheyear1698;thegreat

    operationofgraftingdeeuropeuponancientrussiawas

    perfordthepatientdidnotdiebuthenevergotover

    theshock;astheeventsofthelastfiveyearshaveshownvery

    plainly

    russiavssweden

    russiaandsanyo

    decideheleading

    poheasteeurope

    intheyear1698;tsarpetersetforthuponhisfirst

    voyagetoeeuropehetravelledbywayofberlinand

    ost

    beendroedeboatintheduckpondof

    hisfathersuntryhothispassionforained

    totheendofhislifeinapracticalshowed

    itselfinhisainsaccessto

    theopensea

    heunpopularandharshyoungrulerwasaway

    froo;thefriendsoftheoldrussianos

    tosasuddenrebellionang

    hislifeguards;thestreltsiregint;forcedpetertohasten

    hobythefastilheappointedhielfexecutionerin

    chiefandthestreltsieredandkilledto

    thelastnsistersophia;heheadofthe

    rebellion;erandtheruleofpeterbe

    ganineaestthissceneedintheyear1716when

    peterhadgoneonhissendethe

    reactionariesfolloheleadershipofpetershalfted

    son;alexisagainthetsarretuedingreathastealexis

    entodeathinhisprisoncellandthefriendsofthe

    oldfashionedbyzantinearchedthousandsofdreary

    lestotheirfinaldestinationinthesiberianleadnes

    afterthat;nofurtheroutbreaksofpopulardisntenttook

    plainpeace

    itisnoteasytogiveyoualistofhisreforinchronological

    orderthetsarhfurioushastehefollowed

    nosysteheissuedhisdecreeshsuchrapiditythatitis

    diffiedtofeelthateverything

    thathadeverhappenedbeforeirelyhewhole

    ofrussiathereforestbechangedhintheshortestpossible

    tibehindayof

    200;000nandanavyoffiftyshipstheoldsystefgovent

    hadbeenabolishedoveightthedu;ovention

    ofnobles;hadbeendisssedandinitsstead;thetsar

    hadsurroundedhielfhanadvisoryboardofstateofficials;

    calledthesenate

    russiaentsorprovinces

    roadsructedtoindustries

    edpleasedthetsar;houtanyregard

    forthepresenceofraaterialcanalsines

    ountainsoftheeastinthislandofilliterates;

    schoolsentsofhigherleaing;

    togetherhuniversitiesandhospitalsandprofessional

    senandartisans

    frollovertheovetorussia

    printingshopsustbefirstread

    bytheierialcensorsthedutiesofeachclassofsociety

    ofcivilandcrinallaheredintoaseriesofprinted

    volustheoldrussianstusperial

    deen;ardhscissors;ching

    alltheuntryroads;ou

    jikssuddenlyintoapleasingitationofsothshaven

    europeans

    inreligioustters;thetsartoleratednodivisionof

    poustbenochanceofarivalrybetweenan

    eerorandapopeashadhappenedineuropeintheyear

    1721;peterdehielfheadoftherussianchurchthe

    patriarosheholysynod

    deitsappearanceasthehighestsourceofauthorityinall

    ttersoftheestablishedchurch

    sinsuldnotbesuccess

    fulentshadarallyingpointinthe

    toovehisgoventtoa

    neidsttheunhealthyrshesofthebalticsea

    thetsarbuiltthishelandin

    theyear1703fortythousandpeasantsworkedforyears

    tolaythefoundationsforthisierialcitytheswedes

    attackedpeterandtriedtodestroyhistownandillnessand

    serykilledtensofthousandsofthepeasantsbutthework

    r;andthereadydetown

    soonbegantogroheyear1712;itiallyde

    perialresidenceadozenyearslater

    ithad75;000inhabitantstheywas

    floodedbythenevabuttheterrifichetsar

    erdiedin1725heheohelargestcity

    innortheeurope

    ofurse;thissuddengrowthofsodangerousarivalhad

    beenasourceofgreathis

    side;peterhadanyadventuresof

    hisbalticrival;thekingdofsheyear1654;

    christina;theonlydaughterofgustavusadolphus;thehero

    ofthethirtyyearshethroneandhad

    goorotoendherdaysasadevoutcatholicaprotestant

    nepheavusadolphushadsucceededthelast

    queenofthehouseofvasaundercharlesxandcharles

    xi;theneyhadbroughtsoitshighestpoint

    ofdevelopntbutin1697;charlesxidiedsuddenlyand

    een;charlesxii

    thisontforanyofthenorthestates

    hadedduringthegreatreligiousheseventeenth

    century;stheexpenseofheeighbours

    thetihade;sotheohought;tobalancetheacunt

    atonceark

    andsaxonyontheoneside;andsheother

    theraiesofpeterrouslybeaten

    byberof

    theyear1700thenostinterestinglitary

    geniusesofthaties

    andfoineyearshehackedandbuedhishroughthe

    villagesandarkandthebaltic

    provinces;erdrilledandtrainedhissoldiersindistant

    russia

    asaresult;intheyear1709;inthebattleofpoltahe

    svitesdestroyedtheexhaustedaresofswede
………………………………

第71节

    ncharles

    ntinuedtobeahighlypicturesquefigure;awonderfulhero

    ofronce;butinhisvainattettohavehisrevenge;he

    ruinedhisoryintheyear1718;heally

    killedorassassinatedknohande

    adein1721;inthetoadt;sall

    ofherforrbalticpossessionsexceptfinlandthenew

    russianstate;createdbypeter;hadbeetheleadingpower

    ofnortheeuropebutalreadyanehe

    ateakingshape

    theriseofprussia

    theextraordinaryriseofalittle

    stateinadrearypartofnorthe

    gey;calledprussia

    thehistoryofprussiaisthehistoryofafrontierdistrict

    intheninthcentury;charlegnehadtransferredtheold

    thediterraneantothewildregions

    ofnortheeuropehisfrankishsoldiershadpushed

    thefrontierofeuropefurtherandfurthertoheeast

    theyhadnquerednylandsfroheheathenishslavsand

    lithuaniansheplainbethebaltic

    seaandtheinistered

    thoseoutlyingdistrictsjustastheunitedstatesused

    toadnisterherterritoriesbeforetheyachievedthedignity

    ofstatehood

    thefrontierstateofbrandenburghadbeenoriginally

    foundedbycharlegodefendhiseastepossessions

    againstraidsoftheribesthe

    tribeedthatregion;edduringthe

    tenthcenturyandtheirrketplace;bythenaofbrennabor;

    beetothenee

    ofbrandenburg

    duringtheeleventh;th;thirteenthandfourteenth

    iliesexercised
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