angallpartiesbuththeincreased
strengthofparliant;hehadfounditiossibleto
directthepoliticsoftheuntryhthehelpofthetories
ajorityinthehouseofns
thereforethetorieshadbeendisssedandthecabiuncil
hadbeenposedentirelyofwhigsafeer
ns;the
king;forthesakeofnvenience;olookforhis
supportangtheleadingtoriesuntilhisdeathin1702;
uch
aboutthegoventofenglandpracticallyalliortant
affairshadbeenlefttohiscabiuncils
sisterinlain1702thisnditionof
affairsntinuedunately
notasingleoneofherseventeenchildrensurvivedherthe
throogeorgeiofthehouseofhanover;thesonof
sophie;granddaughterofjasi
thissoonarch;whoneverleaedaword
ofenglish;plicatedzesofenglands
politicalarrangentshelefteverythingtohiscabi
uncilandkeptatheiretings;hbored
hishedidnotunderstandasinglesentenceinthisway
thecabigotintothehabitofrulingenglandandstland
enthadbeenjoinedtothatofengland
in1707houtbotheringtheking;tospend
agreatdealofhistionthentinent
duringthereignofgeorgeiandgeorgeii;asuccessionof
greatefor
tedthecabiunciloftheking
theirleaderheofficialleadeot
onlyoftheaajoritypartyin
poenttheattetsofgeorgeiiitotake
ttersintohisotoleavetheactualbusiness
ofgoventtohiscabirousthat
theytheearliestyearsofthe
eighteenthent;
inistryedtheaffairs
oftheland
tobequitetrue;thisgoventdidnotrepresentall
aninadozenhadtheright
tovotebutitoderepresentative
forfgoventinaquietandorderlyfashionit
tookthepothe
………………………………
第67节
kingandplaceditinthehands
ofaneverincreasingnuerofpopularrepresentativesitdid
notbringthelleniuoengland;butitsavedthatuntry
froostoftherevolutionaryoutbreakshprovedso
disastroustotheeuropeanntinentintheeighteenthand
nieenthcenturies
thebalanceofpower
infranceontheotherhandthe‘‘divine
rightofkingsntinuedh
greaterpoandsplendourthan
everbeforeandtheaitionof
therulerperedby
theneedlahe
‘‘balanceofpower
asantrasttothepreviouschapter;lettellyou
happenedinfranceduringtheyearsheenglishpeople
bination
oftherightnintherightuntryattherightntisvery
rareinhistorylouisxivionofthisideal;as
farasfrancetherestofeuropewould
havebeenhappier
theuntryoverheyoungkingorule
ostpopulousandthestbrilliantnationofthat
daylouiscatothethroneazarinandrichelieu;
thetredtheancientfrench
kingdontotheststronglycentralisedstateoftheseventeenth
centuryheselfanofextraordinaryability
hepeopleofthetiethcentury;arestill
surroundedbytheriesofthegloriousageofthesunking
oursoannersandthe
eleganceofexpressionattainedattheurtoflouisin
inteationalanddiploticrelations;frenchisstilltheofficial
languageofdiplocyandinteationalgatheringsbecause
turiesagoitreachedapolishedeleganceandapurity
ofexpressionhertonguehadasyetbeenableto
equalthetheatreofkinglouisstillteachesuslessons
ooslohe
freooccupy
apositioninthetersheruntrieshave
flatteredbytheiritationightntinuethislistfor
nypagesitisnotterofreode
billoffareisprintedinfrenchtheverydifficultartof
decentoking;oneofthehighestexpressionsofcivilisation;
onarchthe
ageoflouisxiveofsplendourandgracehcan
stillteachusalot
unfortunatelythisbrilliantpicturehasanothersideh
eans
seryatho;andfranceiontothisrule
louisxivsucceededhisfatherintheyear1643hediedin
theyear1715thatansthatthegoventoffrance
anforseventytwoyears;
alsttions
itgraspofthisidea;‘‘onesingle
nlouisonarchswhoin
nyuntriesestablishedthatpartiofhighlyefficient
autocracyhe
didnotlikekingserelyplayedatbeingrulersand
tuedofficialaffairsintoapleasantpiicthekingsof
thatenlightenedagehananyoftheirsubjects
theygotupearlierandtobedlaterthananybodyelse;
andfelttheir‘‘divineresponsibilityquiteasstronglyastheir
‘‘divinerighttorulehoutnsulting
theirsubjects
ofurse;thekinguldnotattendtoeverythinginperson
heselfhafewhelpers
anduncillorsoneorteexpertsuponforeign
politics;afeistswoulddo
forthispurposebutthesedignitariesuldactonlythrough
theirsovereigntheyhadnoindividualexistencetothe
ssofthepeople;thesovereignactuallyrepresentedinhis
oentoftheiruntrythe
gloryofthenfatherlandbecathegloryofasingle
dynastyitanttheexactoppositeofouroerican
idealfrancehehouseofbourbon
thedisadvantagesofsuchasysterecleartheking
greobeeverythingeverybodyelsegreobenothingat
alltheoldandusefulnobilityogive
upitsforrsharesinthegoventoftheprovincesalittle
royalbureaucrat;hisfingerssplashedhink;sittingbehind
thegreenishentbuildinginfaraway
paris;noedthetaskhahundredyears
beforehadbeenthedutyofthefeudallordthefeudallord;
deprivedofallovedtoparistoasehielfasbest
heuldattheurtsoonhisestatesbegantosufferfrobr 》
thatverydangerousenocsickness;knoee
landlordishinasinglegeneration;theindustrious
andusefulfeudaladnistratorshadbeetheannered
butquiteuselessloafersoftheurtofversailles
louisenyearsoldhepeaceofphaliawas
ncludedandthehouseofhabsburg;asaresultofthe
thirtyyearsinantpositionineurope
itanbitionshoulduseso
favourableanttogainforhisoythehonours
erlybeenheldbythehabsburgsintheyear
1660louishadrriedriatheresa;daughteroftheking
ofspainsoonafterherinlaw;philipiv;one
ofthehalftedspanishhabsburgs;diedatoncelouis
claidthespanishherlandsbelgiuspartofhis
ionrous
tothepeaceofeurope;andhreatenedthesafety
oftheprotestantstatesundertheleadershipofjandet;
raadpensionarisorforeignnisteroftheunitedseven
herlands;thefirstgreatinteationalalliance;thetriple
allianceofsheyear1661;
oneyandfair
proseslouisboughtupbothkingcharlesandtheswedish
estateshollandrayedbyheralliesandto
heroeintheyear1672thefrenchinvadedthelow
untriestheyrchedtotheheartoftheuntryfora
sendtithedikesheroyalsunof
franarshesthepeace
ofnilednothingbut
relyanticipatedanotherwar
asend1689to1697;endingh
thepeaceofrysogivelouisthatpositionin
theaffairsofeuropetoy;
jandeurderedbythedutchrabble;buth
………………………………
第68节
is
suetinthelastchapter;
hadakefrancetherulerof
europe
thegreathespanishsuccession;beguninthe
year1701;iediatelyafterthedeathofcharlesii;thelast
ofthespanishhabsburgs;andendedin1713bythepeace
ofutrecht;reinedequallyundecided;butithadruinedthe
treasuryoflouisonlandthefrenchkinghadbeenvictorious;
butthenaviesofenglandandhollandhadspoiledall
hopeforanultitefrenchvictory;besidesthelongstruggle
hadgivenbirthtoaneentalprincipleofinteational
politics;adeitiossibleforone
singlenationtorulethehehe
e
thathesocalled‘‘balanceofpoa
tenlaforthreecenturiesithasbeenobeyedasclosely
asarethelaurethepeopleedtheidea
intainedthateurope;initsnationalistient;
uldonlysurvivehereshouldbeanabsolutebalance
ofthenynflictinginterestsoftheentirentinent
nosinglepousteverbealloo
donatetheothersduringthethirtyyearshe
habsburgshadbeenthevictioftheapplicationofthislaw
they;hostheissuesduring
thatstrugglerife
thataintendencies
ofthatgreatnflieon;osee
hoisiderationsandcalculationsprevailin
allttersofinteationaliortancehe
developntofanean;thestatesnhthe
personalfeelingsoftheslideruleandthecashregisterjan
dethefirstsuccessfulexponentofthisnehool
ofpoliticsiiihefirstgreatpupilandlouis
xiveandglory;
therehavebeennyotherssince
theriseofrussia
thestoryofthesterioussvite
eireupon
thegrandpoliticalstageofeurope
intheyear1492;asyouknobusdisveredarica
earlyintheyear;atyrolesebythenaofschnups;
travellingastheheadofascientificexpeditionforthe
archbishopoftyrol;andprovidedhthebestletters
ofintroduythical
toossucceedhe
frontiersofthisvastsvitestatehwasvaguelysupposed
toexistintheextreeastepartofeurope;hewas
firytuedbacknoforeignersedand
schnupstovisittheheathenturkinnstantinople;in
orderthatheghthavesothingtoreporttohisclerical
sterebackfroisexplorations
sixtyoneyearslater;richardchancellor;tryingtodisver
thenortheastepassagetotheindies;andblownby
anillouthofthedwina
andfoundthesvitevillageofkholgory;afewhours
frohespothetohangelwasfounded
thistitheforeignvisitorse
tosselvestothegranddukethey
rcialtreaty
evecludedbetheeher
nationssoonfolloethingbecaknohis
steriousland
geographically;russiaisavastplaintheuraluntains
arelonobarrieragainstinvadersthe
riversarebroadbutoftenshalloerritoryfor
nods
aneireerand
disappearedagain;slavictribes;their
hosincentralasia;lesslythroughtheforests
andplainsoftheregionbethedniesteranddnieper
riversthegreekshadsotisttheseslavsandafew
travellersofthethirdandfourth
otherheytleknohenevadaindians
intheyear1800
unfortunatelyforthepeaitivepeoples;a
verynvenienttraderouteranthroughtheiruntrythis
ainroadfroortheeuropetonstantinople
itfolloheastofthebalticuntilthenevahed
thenitcrossedlakeladogaandsouthhe
volkhovriverthenthroughlakeilnandupthesll
lovatriverthenthereportageuntilthednieper
hednieperintotheblacksea
thenorsenknehisroadataveryearlydatein
theninthcenturytheybegantosettleinnortherussia;just
asotheorsenhefoundationforindependent
statesingeyandfrancebutintheyear862;three
norsen;brothers;all
dynastiesofthethreebrothers;onlyone;rurik;livedfora
nuerofyearshetookpossessionoftheterritoryofhis
brothers;andtyyearsafterthearrivalofthisfirst
norsen;aslavicstatehadbeenestablishedhkievasits
capital
froievtotheblackseaisashortdistancesoonthe
existeneknownin
nstantinoplethisantanehezealous
ssionariesofthechristianfaithbyzantinenksfollohe
dnieperontheirhheheartof
russiatheyfoundthepeoplerangegods
ountain
cavestheytaughtthehestoryofjesustherewas
nopetitionfrohesideofronssionariesthese
goodnoobusyeducatingtheheathenteutonsto
botheraboutthedistantslavshencerussiareceiveditsreligion
anditsalphabetanditsfirstideasofartandarchitecture
frohebyzantinenksandasthebyzantineeirea
reliftheeasteroneirehadbeeveryoriental
andhadlostnyofitseuropeantraits;therussianssuffered
innsequence
politicallyspeakingtheseneatesofthegreatrussian
plainsdidnotfarehenorsehabittodivide
everyinheritanceequallyangallthesonsnosoonerhad
asllstatebeenfoundedbutitongeight
oineheirsulefttheirterritorytoaneverincreasing
nuerofd
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