《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第25部分


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    angallpartiesbuththeincreased

    strengthofparliant;hehadfounditiossibleto

    directthepoliticsoftheuntryhthehelpofthetories

    ajorityinthehouseofns

    thereforethetorieshadbeendisssedandthecabiuncil

    hadbeenposedentirelyofwhigsafeer

    ns;the

    king;forthesakeofnvenience;olookforhis

    supportangtheleadingtoriesuntilhisdeathin1702;

    uch

    aboutthegoventofenglandpracticallyalliortant

    affairshadbeenlefttohiscabiuncils

    sisterinlain1702thisnditionof

    affairsntinuedunately

    notasingleoneofherseventeenchildrensurvivedherthe

    throogeorgeiofthehouseofhanover;thesonof

    sophie;granddaughterofjasi

    thissoonarch;whoneverleaedaword

    ofenglish;plicatedzesofenglands

    politicalarrangentshelefteverythingtohiscabi

    uncilandkeptatheiretings;hbored

    hishedidnotunderstandasinglesentenceinthisway

    thecabigotintothehabitofrulingenglandandstland

    enthadbeenjoinedtothatofengland

    in1707houtbotheringtheking;tospend

    agreatdealofhistionthentinent

    duringthereignofgeorgeiandgeorgeii;asuccessionof

    greatefor

    tedthecabiunciloftheking

    theirleaderheofficialleadeot

    onlyoftheaajoritypartyin

    poenttheattetsofgeorgeiiitotake

    ttersintohisotoleavetheactualbusiness

    ofgoventtohiscabirousthat

    theytheearliestyearsofthe

    eighteenthent;

    inistryedtheaffairs

    oftheland

    tobequitetrue;thisgoventdidnotrepresentall

    aninadozenhadtheright

    tovotebutitoderepresentative

    forfgoventinaquietandorderlyfashionit

    tookthepothe
………………………………

第67节

    kingandplaceditinthehands

    ofaneverincreasingnuerofpopularrepresentativesitdid

    notbringthelleniuoengland;butitsavedthatuntry

    froostoftherevolutionaryoutbreakshprovedso

    disastroustotheeuropeanntinentintheeighteenthand

    nieenthcenturies

    thebalanceofpower

    infranceontheotherhandthe‘‘divine

    rightofkingsntinuedh

    greaterpoandsplendourthan

    everbeforeandtheaitionof

    therulerperedby

    theneedlahe

    ‘‘balanceofpower

    asantrasttothepreviouschapter;lettellyou

    happenedinfranceduringtheyearsheenglishpeople

    bination

    oftherightnintherightuntryattherightntisvery

    rareinhistorylouisxivionofthisideal;as

    farasfrancetherestofeuropewould

    havebeenhappier

    theuntryoverheyoungkingorule

    ostpopulousandthestbrilliantnationofthat

    daylouiscatothethroneazarinandrichelieu;

    thetredtheancientfrench

    kingdontotheststronglycentralisedstateoftheseventeenth

    centuryheselfanofextraordinaryability

    hepeopleofthetiethcentury;arestill

    surroundedbytheriesofthegloriousageofthesunking

    oursoannersandthe

    eleganceofexpressionattainedattheurtoflouisin

    inteationalanddiploticrelations;frenchisstilltheofficial

    languageofdiplocyandinteationalgatheringsbecause

    turiesagoitreachedapolishedeleganceandapurity

    ofexpressionhertonguehadasyetbeenableto

    equalthetheatreofkinglouisstillteachesuslessons

    ooslohe

    freooccupy

    apositioninthetersheruntrieshave

    flatteredbytheiritationightntinuethislistfor

    nypagesitisnotterofreode

    billoffareisprintedinfrenchtheverydifficultartof

    decentoking;oneofthehighestexpressionsofcivilisation;

    onarchthe

    ageoflouisxiveofsplendourandgracehcan

    stillteachusalot

    unfortunatelythisbrilliantpicturehasanothersideh

    eans

    seryatho;andfranceiontothisrule

    louisxivsucceededhisfatherintheyear1643hediedin

    theyear1715thatansthatthegoventoffrance

    anforseventytwoyears;

    alsttions

    itgraspofthisidea;‘‘onesingle

    nlouisonarchswhoin

    nyuntriesestablishedthatpartiofhighlyefficient

    autocracyhe

    didnotlikekingserelyplayedatbeingrulersand

    tuedofficialaffairsintoapleasantpiicthekingsof

    thatenlightenedagehananyoftheirsubjects

    theygotupearlierandtobedlaterthananybodyelse;

    andfelttheir‘‘divineresponsibilityquiteasstronglyastheir

    ‘‘divinerighttorulehoutnsulting

    theirsubjects

    ofurse;thekinguldnotattendtoeverythinginperson

    heselfhafewhelpers

    anduncillorsoneorteexpertsuponforeign

    politics;afeistswoulddo

    forthispurposebutthesedignitariesuldactonlythrough

    theirsovereigntheyhadnoindividualexistencetothe

    ssofthepeople;thesovereignactuallyrepresentedinhis

    oentoftheiruntrythe

    gloryofthenfatherlandbecathegloryofasingle

    dynastyitanttheexactoppositeofouroerican

    idealfrancehehouseofbourbon

    thedisadvantagesofsuchasysterecleartheking

    greobeeverythingeverybodyelsegreobenothingat

    alltheoldandusefulnobilityogive

    upitsforrsharesinthegoventoftheprovincesalittle

    royalbureaucrat;hisfingerssplashedhink;sittingbehind

    thegreenishentbuildinginfaraway

    paris;noedthetaskhahundredyears

    beforehadbeenthedutyofthefeudallordthefeudallord;

    deprivedofallovedtoparistoasehielfasbest

    heuldattheurtsoonhisestatesbegantosufferfrobr 》

    thatverydangerousenocsickness;knoee

    landlordishinasinglegeneration;theindustrious

    andusefulfeudaladnistratorshadbeetheannered

    butquiteuselessloafersoftheurtofversailles

    louisenyearsoldhepeaceofphaliawas

    ncludedandthehouseofhabsburg;asaresultofthe

    thirtyyearsinantpositionineurope

    itanbitionshoulduseso

    favourableanttogainforhisoythehonours

    erlybeenheldbythehabsburgsintheyear

    1660louishadrriedriatheresa;daughteroftheking

    ofspainsoonafterherinlaw;philipiv;one

    ofthehalftedspanishhabsburgs;diedatoncelouis

    claidthespanishherlandsbelgiuspartofhis

    ionrous

    tothepeaceofeurope;andhreatenedthesafety

    oftheprotestantstatesundertheleadershipofjandet;

    raadpensionarisorforeignnisteroftheunitedseven

    herlands;thefirstgreatinteationalalliance;thetriple

    allianceofsheyear1661;

    oneyandfair

    proseslouisboughtupbothkingcharlesandtheswedish

    estateshollandrayedbyheralliesandto

    heroeintheyear1672thefrenchinvadedthelow

    untriestheyrchedtotheheartoftheuntryfora

    sendtithedikesheroyalsunof

    franarshesthepeace

    ofnilednothingbut

    relyanticipatedanotherwar

    asend1689to1697;endingh

    thepeaceofrysogivelouisthatpositionin

    theaffairsofeuropetoy;

    jandeurderedbythedutchrabble;buth
………………………………

第68节

    is

    suetinthelastchapter;

    hadakefrancetherulerof

    europe

    thegreathespanishsuccession;beguninthe

    year1701;iediatelyafterthedeathofcharlesii;thelast

    ofthespanishhabsburgs;andendedin1713bythepeace

    ofutrecht;reinedequallyundecided;butithadruinedthe

    treasuryoflouisonlandthefrenchkinghadbeenvictorious;

    butthenaviesofenglandandhollandhadspoiledall

    hopeforanultitefrenchvictory;besidesthelongstruggle

    hadgivenbirthtoaneentalprincipleofinteational

    politics;adeitiossibleforone

    singlenationtorulethehehe

    e

    thathesocalled‘‘balanceofpoa

    tenlaforthreecenturiesithasbeenobeyedasclosely

    asarethelaurethepeopleedtheidea

    intainedthateurope;initsnationalistient;

    uldonlysurvivehereshouldbeanabsolutebalance

    ofthenynflictinginterestsoftheentirentinent

    nosinglepousteverbealloo

    donatetheothersduringthethirtyyearshe

    habsburgshadbeenthevictioftheapplicationofthislaw

    they;hostheissuesduring

    thatstrugglerife

    thataintendencies

    ofthatgreatnflieon;osee

    hoisiderationsandcalculationsprevailin

    allttersofinteationaliortancehe

    developntofanean;thestatesnhthe

    personalfeelingsoftheslideruleandthecashregisterjan

    dethefirstsuccessfulexponentofthisnehool

    ofpoliticsiiihefirstgreatpupilandlouis

    xiveandglory;

    therehavebeennyotherssince

    theriseofrussia

    thestoryofthesterioussvite

    eireupon

    thegrandpoliticalstageofeurope

    intheyear1492;asyouknobusdisveredarica

    earlyintheyear;atyrolesebythenaofschnups;

    travellingastheheadofascientificexpeditionforthe

    archbishopoftyrol;andprovidedhthebestletters

    ofintroduythical

    toossucceedhe

    frontiersofthisvastsvitestatehwasvaguelysupposed

    toexistintheextreeastepartofeurope;hewas

    firytuedbacknoforeignersedand

    schnupstovisittheheathenturkinnstantinople;in

    orderthatheghthavesothingtoreporttohisclerical

    sterebackfroisexplorations

    sixtyoneyearslater;richardchancellor;tryingtodisver

    thenortheastepassagetotheindies;andblownby

    anillouthofthedwina

    andfoundthesvitevillageofkholgory;afewhours

    frohespothetohangelwasfounded

    thistitheforeignvisitorse

    tosselvestothegranddukethey

    rcialtreaty

    evecludedbetheeher

    nationssoonfolloethingbecaknohis

    steriousland

    geographically;russiaisavastplaintheuraluntains

    arelonobarrieragainstinvadersthe

    riversarebroadbutoftenshalloerritoryfor

    nods

    aneireerand

    disappearedagain;slavictribes;their

    hosincentralasia;lesslythroughtheforests

    andplainsoftheregionbethedniesteranddnieper

    riversthegreekshadsotisttheseslavsandafew

    travellersofthethirdandfourth

    otherheytleknohenevadaindians

    intheyear1800

    unfortunatelyforthepeaitivepeoples;a

    verynvenienttraderouteranthroughtheiruntrythis

    ainroadfroortheeuropetonstantinople

    itfolloheastofthebalticuntilthenevahed

    thenitcrossedlakeladogaandsouthhe

    volkhovriverthenthroughlakeilnandupthesll

    lovatriverthenthereportageuntilthednieper

    hednieperintotheblacksea

    thenorsenknehisroadataveryearlydatein

    theninthcenturytheybegantosettleinnortherussia;just

    asotheorsenhefoundationforindependent

    statesingeyandfrancebutintheyear862;three

    norsen;brothers;all

    dynastiesofthethreebrothers;onlyone;rurik;livedfora

    nuerofyearshetookpossessionoftheterritoryofhis

    brothers;andtyyearsafterthearrivalofthisfirst

    norsen;aslavicstatehadbeenestablishedhkievasits

    capital

    froievtotheblackseaisashortdistancesoonthe

    existeneknownin

    nstantinoplethisantanehezealous

    ssionariesofthechristianfaithbyzantinenksfollohe

    dnieperontheirhheheartof

    russiatheyfoundthepeoplerangegods

    ountain

    cavestheytaughtthehestoryofjesustherewas

    nopetitionfrohesideofronssionariesthese

    goodnoobusyeducatingtheheathenteutonsto

    botheraboutthedistantslavshencerussiareceiveditsreligion

    anditsalphabetanditsfirstideasofartandarchitecture

    frohebyzantinenksandasthebyzantineeirea

    reliftheeasteroneirehadbeeveryoriental

    andhadlostnyofitseuropeantraits;therussianssuffered

    innsequence

    politicallyspeakingtheseneatesofthegreatrussian

    plainsdidnotfarehenorsehabittodivide

    everyinheritanceequallyangallthesonsnosoonerhad

    asllstatebeenfoundedbutitongeight

    oineheirsulefttheirterritorytoaneverincreasing

    nuerofd
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