thestuarts;hetudors;were‘‘foreigners
inenglandtheydonotseeohaveappreciatedorunderstood
thisfactthenativehouseoftudoruldstealahorse;
butthe‘‘foreignstuartsalloolookatthe
bridlehoutcausinggreatpopulardisapprovaloldqueen
besshadruledherdoinsverychasshepleasedin
generalhoeant
neyinthepocketofthehonestandotherish
rchantshencethequeenhadbeenalhe
allliberties
takeneoftherightsandprerogativesofparliant
heulteriorbenefitsh
herjestysstrongandsuccessfulforeign
policies
outesntinuedthesapolicybuthe
laypical
ofhisgreatpredeercentinuedtobe
enuragedthecatholicsgrantedanyliberties
butiledpleasantlyuponenglandinaneffort
toestablishpeaesileback
thejorityoftheenglishpeopledidnotlikethis;but
jasheirkingandtheykeptquiet
soonthereesand
hisson;charlesi;intheyear1625both
firybelievedintheprincipleoftheir‘‘divinerightto
adnistertheirrealstheythoughtfithoutnsultingthe
heirsubjectstheideanehepopes;
orethanonehesuccessorsofthe
roneerorsorratheroftheronierialidealof
asingleandundividedstateveringtheentireknownworld;
hadalselvesandhadbeenpubliclyregnised
asthe‘‘viceregentsofchristuponearthnoone
questionedtherightofgodtorulethe
asanaturalresult;feuredtodoubttherightofthe
divine‘‘viethingandtodendthe
obedienassesbecausehehedirectrepresentative
oftheabsoluteruleroftheuniverseandresponsible
onlytoalghtygod
ationprovedsuccessful;those
rightserlyhadbeeninvestedinthepapacywere
takenoverbythenyeuropeansovereignse
protestantsasheadoftheiroionalordynastic
churchestheyinsisteduponbeing‘‘christsviceregents
itoftheiroerritorythepeopledidnotquestion
therightoftheirrulerstotakesuchasteptheyaccepted
it;justastheideaofarepresentative
systetheonlyreasonableandjust
forfgoventitisunfairthereforetostatethateither
lutheranisrcalvinisausedtheparticularfeelingof
irritationessoftandloudlyrepeated
assertionofhis‘‘divinerighttheresthavebeenother
groundsforthegenuineenglishdisbeliefinthedivineright
ofkings
thefirstpositivedenialofthe‘‘divinerightofsovereigns
hadbeenheardintheherlandsheestatesgeneral
abjuredtheirlahe
year1581‘‘theking;sotheysaid;‘‘hasbrokenhisntract
andthekingthereforeisdisssedlikeanyotherunfaithful
servantsincethen;thisparticularideaofakings
responsibilitiestoongnyofthe
nationsedtheshoresofthenorthseatheywere
inaveryfavourablepositiontheyhepoorpeople
intheheartofercyoftheir
rulersbodyguard;uldnotaffordtodis
inthedeepestdungeonofthe
nearestcastlebuttherchantsofhollandandengland
aintenanceof
greataresandnavies;ighty
;hadnosuchfeartheywerewilling
topitthe‘‘divinerightoftheirooneyagainst
the‘‘divinerightofanyhabsburgorbourbonorstuart
theyknehattheirguildersandshillingsuldbeatthe
cluyfeudalaresheonlyheking
theydaredtoact;nedtosuffer
insilenceorruntheriskofthescaffold
hestuartsbegantoannoythepeopleofengland
thattheyhadarighttodotheypleased
andnevedtheresponsibil
………………………………
第65节
ity;theenglishddleclasses
usedthehouseofnsastheirfirstlineofdefence
againstthisabuseoftheroyalpoo
giveinandthekingsentparliantaboutitsownbusiness
elevenlongyears;charlesiruledaloneheleviedtaxes
ostpeopleregardedasillegalandhenagedhis
britishkingdosifithadbeenhisoryestatehe
hadcapableassistantsandustsaythathehadtheurage
ofhisnvictions
unfortunately;insteadofassuringhielfofthesupport
ofhisfaithfulsttishsubjects;charlesbecainvolvedin
aquarreluchagainsthis
forcedbyhisneedforreadycash;charles
lastobligedtooreittin
aprilof1640andshoperitwasdissolved
afeentnvenedinnoveer
thisoneeers
understoodthatthequestionof‘‘goventbydivine
rightor‘‘goventbyparliantstbefoughtout
forgoodandalltheyattackedthekinginhischiefuncillors
andexetheyannouncedthat
theyselvestobedissolvedhouttheir
ober1;1641;theypresented
tothekinga‘‘grandrenstranceailed
aanygrievancesofthepeopleagainsttheirruler
esupportforhisoy
intheuntrydistricts;leftlondoninjanuaryof1642each
sideorganisedanarandpreparedforopenween
theabsolutepohecroheabsolutepower
ofparliantduringthisstruggle;thestpowerfulreligious
elentofengland;calledthepuritans;theywere
anglicansost
absolutelits;entsof
‘‘godlyn;ndedbyolivercrotheir
irondisciplineandtheirprofoundnfidenceintheholinessof
theirai;soonbeyofthe
oppositiontedafterthebattle
ofnaseby;in1645;hefledtostlandthest
totheenglish
therefollorigueandanuprising
ofthestchpresbyteriansagainsttheenglishpuritan
inaugustoftheyear1648afterthethreedaysbattleof
prestonpans;crodeanendtothissendcivilwar;
andtookedinburghaniredoffurther
talkandedhoursofreligiousdebate;haddecidedtoact
ontheiroovedfroarliantall
thoseagreehtheiroanviehereupon
the‘‘ru;ent;
accusedthekingofhightreasonthehouseoflords
refusedtositasatribunalaspecialtribunaled
anditndeedthekingtodeathonthe30thofjanuary
oftheyear1649;kingcharleslyoutofawindow
ofehallontothescaffoldthatday;thesovereign
people;actingthroughtheirchosenrepresentatives;forthe
firsttiexecutedarulerounderstandhisown
positioninthedestate
theperiodhedeathofcharlesisusually
firsttheunofficialdictator
ofengland;headelordprotectorintheyear
1653heruledfiveyearsheusedthisperiodtontinue
thepoliorebecathearch
eneofenglandandadeanational
andsacredissue
therceofenglandandtheinterestsofthetraders
hingelse;andtheprotestantcreedof
thestrictestnatureaintainedinintaining
englandspositionabroad;croessfulasa
soer;hoheworldis
deupofanuerofpeopleandtheyrarelythinkalike
inthelongrun;thisseeaveryent
ofandbyandforonesinglepartoftheentirenity
cannotpossiblysurvivethepuritanshadbeenagreat
forceforgoodheytriedtorrecttheabuseofthe
royalpoe
intolerable
atterforthe
stuartstoretutotheiroldkingdoindeed;theywere
edas‘‘deliverersbythepeoplehe
yokeoftheekpuritansquiteashardtobearasthatofautocratic
kingcharlesprovidedthestuartsoforget
aboutthedivinerightoftheirlateandlantedfather
andent;the
peopleprosedthattheyhfulsubjects
takeasuccessofthisneent
butthestuartsapparentlyhadnotleaedtheir
lessonandodroptheirbadhabitscharlesii;
ebackintheyear1660;iablebuthless
personhisindolenceandhisnstitutionalinsistenceupon
folloheeasiesturse;togetherhhisnspicuoussuccess
asaliar;preventedanopenoutbreakbetselfand
hispeoplebytheaityin1662hebrokethe
poen
froheirparishesbythesocallednventicleactof
1664hetriedtopreventthedissentersfrottendingreligious
etingsbyathreatofdeportationtotheindiesthis
lookedtoochlikethegoodolddaysofdivinerightpeople
begantoshopatience;
andparliantsuddenlyexperienceddifficultyinproviding
thekinghfunds
sinoneyfronunent;
charlesborrohisneighbourandusin
kinglouisoffrancehebetrayedhisprotestantalliesin
retufor200;000poundsperyear;andlaughedatthepoor
siletonsofparliant
enocindependencesuddenlygavethekinggreatfaith
inhisoanyyearsofexileang
hiscatholicrelationsandhehadasecretlikingfortheir
religionperhapsheuldbringenglandbaehe
passedadeclarationofindulgenceheold
lathecatholicsanddissentersthishappenedjust
ese
aaninthestreet
peoplebegantofearsoterriblepopishplotane
ofunrestenteredthelandstofthepeopleedtoprevent
anotheroutbreakofcivilroyaloppression
andacatholic
………………………………
第66节
kingyea;evendivineright;were
preferabletoaneeersofthesa
raceothershouch
feareddissenters;heurageoftheir
nvictionstheyenwhodid
nottoseearetuoftheolddaysofabsoluteroyal
power
foralsttenyears;thesetparties;thewhigs
theddleclasselent;calledbythisderisivenabe
causeintheyear1640alotofsttishoresorhorse
droversheadedbythepresbyterianclergy;hadrchedto
edinburghtoopposethekingandthetoriesanepithet
originallyusedagainsttheroyalistirishadherentsbutnow
appliedtothesupportersofthekingopposedeachother;but
neitherobringaboutacrisistheyalloo
diepeaesii
tosucceedhisbrotherin1685butes;afterthreatening
theuntryhtheterribleforeigninventionofa‘‘standing
adedbyen;
issuedasenddeclarationofindulgencein1688;and
orderedittobereadinallanglicanchurches;hejusta
triflebeyondthatlineofsensibledercationhcanonlybe
transgressedbythestpopularofrulersundervery
exstancessevenbishopsrefusedtoply
ndtheyious
libeltheybeforeaurtthejuryh
pronouncedtheverdictof‘‘notguiltyreapedarichharvest
ofpopularapproval
atthisunfortunatent;jasarriage
hadtakentoariaoftheodena
estebeeantthatthethrone
ogotoacatholicboyratherthantohisoldersisters;
ryandanne;aninthestreet
againgreariaofdenaoooldtohave
childrenitofaplotastrangebabyhadbeen
broughtintothepalacebysojesuitpriestthatengland
ghthaveaonarchandsoonitlookedasif
anothercivilthensevenwellknown
n;bothteraskingthehusband
ofjassoldestdaughterry;iiithestadtholder
orheadofthedutchrepublic;toetoenglandand
delivertheuntryfrotslaentirelyundesirable
sovereign
onthefifthofnoveeroftheyear1688;landed
attorbayashedidnotakeartyroutofhis
fatherinlatoescapesafelytofranceon
the22ndofjanuaryof1689hesuonedparlianton
the13thoffebruaryofthesayearheandhisary
edjointsovereignsofenglandandtheuntry
heprotestantcause
parliant;havingundertakentobesothingrethan
areadvisorybodytotheking;dethebestofits
opportunitiestheoldpetitionofrightsoftheyear1628was
fishedoutofaforgottennookofthearchivesasendand
redrastiandedthatthesovereignof
englandshouldbelongtotheanglicanchurchfurtherre
itstatedthatthekinghadnorighttosuspendthelawsor
pertcertainprivilegedcitizenstodisobeycertainla
stipulatedthat‘‘entnotaxesuld
beleviedandnoaruldbeintainedthusintheyear
1689didenglandacquireanauntoflibertyunknownin
anyotheruntryofeurope
butitisnotonlyonaeasure
thattheruleofinenglandisstillreeredduring
hislifeti;goventbya‘‘responsiblenistryfirst
developednokingofursecanrulealoneheneedsafew
trustedadvisorsthetudorshadtheirgreatuncilh
posedofnoblesandclergythisbodygreoo
largeitall‘‘privyuncilinthe
urseoftiitbeeet
thekinginacabiinthepalacehencetheyalled
the‘‘cabiuncilafterashortheywereknown
asthe‘‘cabi
;likestenglishsovereignsbeforehihad
angallpartiesbuththeincreased
strengthofparliant;heh
小提示:按 回车 [Enter] 键 返回书目,按 ← 键 返回上一页, 按 → 键 进入下一页。
赞一下
添加书签加入书架