《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第24部分


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    thestuarts;hetudors;were‘‘foreigners

    inenglandtheydonotseeohaveappreciatedorunderstood

    thisfactthenativehouseoftudoruldstealahorse;

    butthe‘‘foreignstuartsalloolookatthe

    bridlehoutcausinggreatpopulardisapprovaloldqueen

    besshadruledherdoinsverychasshepleasedin

    generalhoeant

    neyinthepocketofthehonestandotherish

    rchantshencethequeenhadbeenalhe

    allliberties

    takeneoftherightsandprerogativesofparliant

    heulteriorbenefitsh

    herjestysstrongandsuccessfulforeign

    policies

    outesntinuedthesapolicybuthe

    laypical

    ofhisgreatpredeercentinuedtobe

    enuragedthecatholicsgrantedanyliberties

    butiledpleasantlyuponenglandinaneffort

    toestablishpeaesileback

    thejorityoftheenglishpeopledidnotlikethis;but

    jasheirkingandtheykeptquiet

    soonthereesand

    hisson;charlesi;intheyear1625both

    firybelievedintheprincipleoftheir‘‘divinerightto

    adnistertheirrealstheythoughtfithoutnsultingthe

    heirsubjectstheideanehepopes;

    orethanonehesuccessorsofthe

    roneerorsorratheroftheronierialidealof

    asingleandundividedstateveringtheentireknownworld;

    hadalselvesandhadbeenpubliclyregnised

    asthe‘‘viceregentsofchristuponearthnoone

    questionedtherightofgodtorulethe

    asanaturalresult;feuredtodoubttherightofthe

    divine‘‘viethingandtodendthe

    obedienassesbecausehehedirectrepresentative

    oftheabsoluteruleroftheuniverseandresponsible

    onlytoalghtygod

    ationprovedsuccessful;those

    rightserlyhadbeeninvestedinthepapacywere

    takenoverbythenyeuropeansovereignse

    protestantsasheadoftheiroionalordynastic

    churchestheyinsisteduponbeing‘‘christsviceregents

    itoftheiroerritorythepeopledidnotquestion

    therightoftheirrulerstotakesuchasteptheyaccepted

    it;justastheideaofarepresentative

    systetheonlyreasonableandjust

    forfgoventitisunfairthereforetostatethateither

    lutheranisrcalvinisausedtheparticularfeelingof

    irritationessoftandloudlyrepeated

    assertionofhis‘‘divinerighttheresthavebeenother

    groundsforthegenuineenglishdisbeliefinthedivineright

    ofkings

    thefirstpositivedenialofthe‘‘divinerightofsovereigns

    hadbeenheardintheherlandsheestatesgeneral

    abjuredtheirlahe

    year1581‘‘theking;sotheysaid;‘‘hasbrokenhisntract

    andthekingthereforeisdisssedlikeanyotherunfaithful

    servantsincethen;thisparticularideaofakings

    responsibilitiestoongnyofthe

    nationsedtheshoresofthenorthseatheywere

    inaveryfavourablepositiontheyhepoorpeople

    intheheartofercyoftheir

    rulersbodyguard;uldnotaffordtodis

    inthedeepestdungeonofthe

    nearestcastlebuttherchantsofhollandandengland

    aintenanceof

    greataresandnavies;ighty

    ;hadnosuchfeartheywerewilling

    topitthe‘‘divinerightoftheirooneyagainst

    the‘‘divinerightofanyhabsburgorbourbonorstuart

    theyknehattheirguildersandshillingsuldbeatthe

    cluyfeudalaresheonlyheking

    theydaredtoact;nedtosuffer

    insilenceorruntheriskofthescaffold

    hestuartsbegantoannoythepeopleofengland

    thattheyhadarighttodotheypleased

    andnevedtheresponsibil
………………………………

第65节

    ity;theenglishddleclasses

    usedthehouseofnsastheirfirstlineofdefence

    againstthisabuseoftheroyalpoo

    giveinandthekingsentparliantaboutitsownbusiness

    elevenlongyears;charlesiruledaloneheleviedtaxes

    ostpeopleregardedasillegalandhenagedhis

    britishkingdosifithadbeenhisoryestatehe

    hadcapableassistantsandustsaythathehadtheurage

    ofhisnvictions

    unfortunately;insteadofassuringhielfofthesupport

    ofhisfaithfulsttishsubjects;charlesbecainvolvedin

    aquarreluchagainsthis

    forcedbyhisneedforreadycash;charles

    lastobligedtooreittin

    aprilof1640andshoperitwasdissolved

    afeentnvenedinnoveer

    thisoneeers

    understoodthatthequestionof‘‘goventbydivine

    rightor‘‘goventbyparliantstbefoughtout

    forgoodandalltheyattackedthekinginhischiefuncillors

    andexetheyannouncedthat

    theyselvestobedissolvedhouttheir

    ober1;1641;theypresented

    tothekinga‘‘grandrenstranceailed

    aanygrievancesofthepeopleagainsttheirruler

    esupportforhisoy

    intheuntrydistricts;leftlondoninjanuaryof1642each

    sideorganisedanarandpreparedforopenween

    theabsolutepohecroheabsolutepower

    ofparliantduringthisstruggle;thestpowerfulreligious

    elentofengland;calledthepuritans;theywere

    anglicansost

    absolutelits;entsof

    ‘‘godlyn;ndedbyolivercrotheir

    irondisciplineandtheirprofoundnfidenceintheholinessof

    theirai;soonbeyofthe

    oppositiontedafterthebattle

    ofnaseby;in1645;hefledtostlandthest

    totheenglish

    therefollorigueandanuprising

    ofthestchpresbyteriansagainsttheenglishpuritan

    inaugustoftheyear1648afterthethreedaysbattleof

    prestonpans;crodeanendtothissendcivilwar;

    andtookedinburghaniredoffurther

    talkandedhoursofreligiousdebate;haddecidedtoact

    ontheiroovedfroarliantall

    thoseagreehtheiroanviehereupon

    the‘‘ru;ent;

    accusedthekingofhightreasonthehouseoflords

    refusedtositasatribunalaspecialtribunaled

    anditndeedthekingtodeathonthe30thofjanuary

    oftheyear1649;kingcharleslyoutofawindow

    ofehallontothescaffoldthatday;thesovereign

    people;actingthroughtheirchosenrepresentatives;forthe

    firsttiexecutedarulerounderstandhisown

    positioninthedestate

    theperiodhedeathofcharlesisusually

    firsttheunofficialdictator

    ofengland;headelordprotectorintheyear

    1653heruledfiveyearsheusedthisperiodtontinue

    thepoliorebecathearch

    eneofenglandandadeanational

    andsacredissue

    therceofenglandandtheinterestsofthetraders

    hingelse;andtheprotestantcreedof

    thestrictestnatureaintainedinintaining

    englandspositionabroad;croessfulasa

    soer;hoheworldis

    deupofanuerofpeopleandtheyrarelythinkalike

    inthelongrun;thisseeaveryent

    ofandbyandforonesinglepartoftheentirenity

    cannotpossiblysurvivethepuritanshadbeenagreat

    forceforgoodheytriedtorrecttheabuseofthe

    royalpoe

    intolerable

    atterforthe

    stuartstoretutotheiroldkingdoindeed;theywere

    edas‘‘deliverersbythepeoplehe

    yokeoftheekpuritansquiteashardtobearasthatofautocratic

    kingcharlesprovidedthestuartsoforget

    aboutthedivinerightoftheirlateandlantedfather

    andent;the

    peopleprosedthattheyhfulsubjects

    takeasuccessofthisneent

    butthestuartsapparentlyhadnotleaedtheir

    lessonandodroptheirbadhabitscharlesii;

    ebackintheyear1660;iablebuthless

    personhisindolenceandhisnstitutionalinsistenceupon

    folloheeasiesturse;togetherhhisnspicuoussuccess

    asaliar;preventedanopenoutbreakbetselfand

    hispeoplebytheaityin1662hebrokethe

    poen

    froheirparishesbythesocallednventicleactof

    1664hetriedtopreventthedissentersfrottendingreligious

    etingsbyathreatofdeportationtotheindiesthis

    lookedtoochlikethegoodolddaysofdivinerightpeople

    begantoshopatience;

    andparliantsuddenlyexperienceddifficultyinproviding

    thekinghfunds

    sinoneyfronunent;

    charlesborrohisneighbourandusin

    kinglouisoffrancehebetrayedhisprotestantalliesin

    retufor200;000poundsperyear;andlaughedatthepoor

    siletonsofparliant

    enocindependencesuddenlygavethekinggreatfaith

    inhisoanyyearsofexileang

    hiscatholicrelationsandhehadasecretlikingfortheir

    religionperhapsheuldbringenglandbaehe

    passedadeclarationofindulgenceheold

    lathecatholicsanddissentersthishappenedjust

    ese

    aaninthestreet

    peoplebegantofearsoterriblepopishplotane

    ofunrestenteredthelandstofthepeopleedtoprevent

    anotheroutbreakofcivilroyaloppression

    andacatholic
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第66节

    kingyea;evendivineright;were

    preferabletoaneeersofthesa

    raceothershouch

    feareddissenters;heurageoftheir

    nvictionstheyenwhodid

    nottoseearetuoftheolddaysofabsoluteroyal

    power

    foralsttenyears;thesetparties;thewhigs

    theddleclasselent;calledbythisderisivenabe

    causeintheyear1640alotofsttishoresorhorse

    droversheadedbythepresbyterianclergy;hadrchedto

    edinburghtoopposethekingandthetoriesanepithet

    originallyusedagainsttheroyalistirishadherentsbutnow

    appliedtothesupportersofthekingopposedeachother;but

    neitherobringaboutacrisistheyalloo

    diepeaesii

    tosucceedhisbrotherin1685butes;afterthreatening

    theuntryhtheterribleforeigninventionofa‘‘standing

    adedbyen;

    issuedasenddeclarationofindulgencein1688;and

    orderedittobereadinallanglicanchurches;hejusta

    triflebeyondthatlineofsensibledercationhcanonlybe

    transgressedbythestpopularofrulersundervery

    exstancessevenbishopsrefusedtoply

    ndtheyious

    libeltheybeforeaurtthejuryh

    pronouncedtheverdictof‘‘notguiltyreapedarichharvest

    ofpopularapproval

    atthisunfortunatent;jasarriage

    hadtakentoariaoftheodena

    estebeeantthatthethrone

    ogotoacatholicboyratherthantohisoldersisters;

    ryandanne;aninthestreet

    againgreariaofdenaoooldtohave

    childrenitofaplotastrangebabyhadbeen

    broughtintothepalacebysojesuitpriestthatengland

    ghthaveaonarchandsoonitlookedasif

    anothercivilthensevenwellknown

    n;bothteraskingthehusband

    ofjassoldestdaughterry;iiithestadtholder

    orheadofthedutchrepublic;toetoenglandand

    delivertheuntryfrotslaentirelyundesirable

    sovereign

    onthefifthofnoveeroftheyear1688;landed

    attorbayashedidnotakeartyroutofhis

    fatherinlatoescapesafelytofranceon

    the22ndofjanuaryof1689hesuonedparlianton

    the13thoffebruaryofthesayearheandhisary

    edjointsovereignsofenglandandtheuntry

    heprotestantcause

    parliant;havingundertakentobesothingrethan

    areadvisorybodytotheking;dethebestofits

    opportunitiestheoldpetitionofrightsoftheyear1628was

    fishedoutofaforgottennookofthearchivesasendand

    redrastiandedthatthesovereignof

    englandshouldbelongtotheanglicanchurchfurtherre

    itstatedthatthekinghadnorighttosuspendthelawsor

    pertcertainprivilegedcitizenstodisobeycertainla

    stipulatedthat‘‘entnotaxesuld

    beleviedandnoaruldbeintainedthusintheyear

    1689didenglandacquireanauntoflibertyunknownin

    anyotheruntryofeurope

    butitisnotonlyonaeasure

    thattheruleofinenglandisstillreeredduring

    hislifeti;goventbya‘‘responsiblenistryfirst

    developednokingofursecanrulealoneheneedsafew

    trustedadvisorsthetudorshadtheirgreatuncilh

    posedofnoblesandclergythisbodygreoo

    largeitall‘‘privyuncilinthe

    urseoftiitbeeet

    thekinginacabiinthepalacehencetheyalled

    the‘‘cabiuncilafterashortheywereknown

    asthe‘‘cabi

    ;likestenglishsovereignsbeforehihad

    angallpartiesbuththeincreased

    strengthofparliant;heh
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