inhabitantsofgdeburgthenhistroopsbegantheir
greatranyinanattetto
reachthehabsburgpossessionsinitalythreatenedinthe
rearbythecatholics;gustavussuddenlyveeredaroundand
defeatedtheinhabsburgarinthebattleoflutzen
unfortunatelythesrayed
ahistroopsbutthehabsburgpowerhadbeen
broken
ferdinand;ofperson;atonce
begantodistrusthisonder
inchief;urderedathisinstigationhe
catholicbourbons;edtheirhabsburg
rivals;heardofthis;theyjoinedtheprotestantswedes
thearesoflouisxiiiinvadedtheeastepartofgey;
andturenneandndeaddedtheirfatothatof
banerandar;thesurdering;pillaging
andbuinghabsburgpropertythisbroughtgreat
faandrichestothese
envioustheprotestantdanesthereupondeclaredwarupon
theprotestantshealliesofthecatholic
french;icalleader;thecardinalderichelieu;had
justdeprivedthehuguenotsorfrenchprotestantsofthose
rightsofpublicheedictofnantesoftheyear
1598hadguaranteedthe
theerthehabitofsuchenunters;didnotdecide
anything;etoanendhthetreatyofphalia
in1648thecatholicpoainedcatholicand
theprotestantpoayedfaithfultothedoctrinesof
lutherandcalvinandzchprotestants
republicsfrance
kepttheetzandtoulandverdunandapartofthe
alsaaneirentinuedtoexistasasort
ofscarecroen;oney;houthope
andhouturage
theonlygoodthethirtyyearsplishedwasa
negativeoneitdisuragedbothcatholicsandprotestants
frovertryingitagainhenceforththeylefteachotherin
peacethishoeanthatreligiousfeelingand
theologithisearthonthe
ntrarythequarrelsbetholicandprotestant
catoanend;butthedisputesbethedifferentprotestant
sectsntinuedasbitterlyaseverbeforeinholland
adifferenceofopinionastothetruenatureofpredestination
averyobsportant
theeyesofyourgreatgrandfathercausedaquarrelh
endedhthedecapitationofjohnofoldenbaeveldt;the
dutchstatesn;hesuccessof
therepublicduringthefirsttyyearsofitsindependence;
andhegreatorganisinggeniusofherindiantrading
panyinengland;thefeudledtocivilwar
butbeforeitellyouofthisoutbreakothefirst
executionbyprocessoflato
saysothingabouttheprevioushistoryofenglandinthis
bookiaryingtogiveyouonlythoseeventsofthepast
hrouponthenditionsofthepresent
entioncertainuntries;thecauseisnot
tobefoundinanyseypartihati
uldtellyouhappenedtonorzerlandand
serbiaandchinabuttheselandsexercisednogreatinfluence
uponthedevelopntofeuropeinthesixteenthand
seventeenthbyhapolite
andveryrespectfulbo
positionallislandhavedoneduring
thelastfivehundredyearshasshapedtheurseofhistory
ineveryerofthehoutaproperknowledgeof
thebackgroundofenglishhistory;youcannotunderstand
youreadintheneisthereforenecessary
thatyouknoentary
forfgoventherestoftheeuropeanntinent
onarchs
theenglishrevolution
hohestrugglebethe‘‘divine
rightofkingsandthelessdivine
butrereasonable‘‘rightof
parliantendeddisastrouslyfor
kingcharlesii
caesar;theearliestexplorerofnortheeurope;had
crossedthechannelintheyear55bcandhadnquered
englandduringfourcenturiestheuntrythenreined
aronprovincebuthebarbariansbeganto
threatenro;thegarrisonsthefrontier
thattheyghtdefendthehountryandbritannia
entandhoutprotection
assoonasthisbecaknoongthehungrysaxon
tribesofnorthegey;theysailedacrossthenorthsea
anddetheelvesathointheprosperousislandthey
foundedanuerofindependentanglosaxonkingdo
socalledaftertheoriginalanglesorenglishandthesaxon
invadersbutthesesllstatesh
eachotherandnokingself
astheheadofauniteduntryforrethanfivehundred
years;rbriaandwessexandsussex
andkentandeastanglia;ores;were
exposedtoattacksfroariousscandinavianpiratesfinally
intheeleventhcentury;england;togetherhnorwayand
northegeybepire
ofcanutethegreatandthelastvestigesofindependence
disappeared
thedanes;intheurseofti;no
soonerhanithefourth
titheneieshedescendantsofanothertribe
ofnorsenhetenthcenturyhadinvaded
franandy;
dukeofnody;ehadlookedacrossthe
erhanenviouseye;crossedthechannelinoctober
oftheyear1066atth
………………………………
第63节
ebattleofhastings;onoctoberthe
fourteenthofthatyear;hedestroyedtheesofharold
ofhelastoftheanglosaxonkingsandestablished
hielfaskingofenglandbutneitheorhis
successorsofthehouseofanjouandplantageregarded
englandastheirtruehototheheislanderelya
partoftheirgreatinheritanceonthentinentasortof
lonyinhabitedbyratherbackthey
forcedtheiroiongraduallyhowever
the‘‘lonyofenglandgaineduponthe‘‘ther
untryofnodyatthesatithekingsof
francean
englishneighboursorethandisobedient
servantsofthefrenchcroeracenturyofwar
farethefrenchpeople;undertheleadershipofayounggirlby
thenaofjoanofartheir
soiljoanherself;takenaprisoneratthebattleofpiegne
intheyear1430andsoldbyherburgundiancaptorstothe
englishsoldiers;chbuttheenglish
nevergainedfootholduponthentinentandtheirkingswere
atlastabletodevotealltheirtitotheirbritishpossessions
asthefeudalnobilityoftheislandhadbeenengagedinoneof
thosestrangefeudsnintheddleages
asaslesandsllpox;andasthegreaterpartoftheold
landedproprietorshadbeenkilledduringthesesocalledwars
oftheroses;iteeasyforthekingstoincreasetheir
royalpoheendofthefifteenthcentury;england
ronglycentraliseduntry;ruledbyhenryvii
ofthehouseoftudor;ousurtofjustice;the
‘‘starery;suppressedallattets
onthepartofthesurvivingnoblestoregaintheiroldinfluence
uponthegoventoftheuntryostseverity
intheyear1509henryviiceededbyhisson
henryviii;andfrohatntonthehistoryofengland
gainedaneportancefortheuntryceasedtobea
diaevalislandandbecaadestate
henryhadnodeepinterestinreligionhegladlyuseda
privatedisagreentany
divorselfindependentofroandke
thechurchofenglandthefirstofthose‘‘nationalisticchurches
inhesasthespiritualheadofhis
subjeationof1034notonlygave
thehouseoftudorthesupportoftheenglishclergy;who
foralongtihadbeenexposedtotheviolentattaany
lutheranpropagandists;butitalsoincreasedtheroyalpower
throughthenfiserpossessionsofthe
nasteriesatthesatiitdehenrypopularhthe
rchantsandtradespeople;heproudandprosperous
inhabitantsofanislandtherestof
europebyadislikefor
everything‘‘foreignanddidnotanitalianbishoptorule
theirhonestbritishsouls
in1517henrydiedheleftthethroohissllson;
agedtentheguardiansoftheode
lutherando
buttheboydiedbeforeheeen;andceeded
byhissisterry;thewifeofphilipiiofspain;who
buedthebishopsoftheneionalchurchandinother
pleofherroyalspanishhusband
fortunatelyshedied;intheyear1558;andceeded
byelizabeth;thedaughterofhenryviiiandanneboleyn;
thesendofhissixhehaddecapitatedwhenshe
nolongerpleasedhielizabeth;etiin
prison;andtherequestofthe
holyroneeror;ostrdialeneofeverything
catholicandspanishshesharedherfathersindifference
inthetterofreligionbutsheinheritedhisabilityasa
veryshreer;andspentthefortyfiveyears
ofherreigninstrengtheningthepohedynastyandin
inerryislands
inthissheostablyassistedbyanuerofnwho
gatheredaroundherthroneanddetheelizabethanagea
periodofsuchiortancethatyououghttostudyitindetail
inoneofthespecialbooksofellyouinthe
bibliographyattheendofthisvolu
elizabeth;hofeelentirelysafeuponher
throneshehadarivalandaverydangerousonery;
ofthehouseofstuart;daughterofafrenchduchessanda
sttishfather;isiioffranceand
daughterinlaediciwhohadorganised
therdersofsaintbartholootherof
alittleboyethefirststuartking
ofenglandshecatholicandawillingfriend
tothoseiesofelizabethherok
ofpolitiethodsployed
topunishhercalvinisticsubjects;causedarevolutioninstland
andforcedrytotakerefugeonenglishterritoryfor
eighteenyearsshereinedinengland;plottingforeverand
adayagainsttheanerandwho
lastobligedtofolloheadviceofhertrusteduncilors
‘‘tocutteoffthesttishqueensheade
theheadteoffintheyear1587andcaused
abinednaviesofenglandand
hollanddefeatedphilipsinvinciblearda;aswehavealready
seen;andthebloeanttodestroythe
pohetanticatholicleadersuedintoa
profitablebusinessadventure
fooanyyearsofhesitation;theenglish
ashedutchthoughtittheirgoodrighttoinvade
theindiesandaricaandavengetheillsheirprotes
tentbrethrenhadsufferedatthehandsofthespaniardsthe
englishhadbeenangtheearliestsubus
britishships;ndedbytheveianpilotgiovannicaboto
orcabot;hadbeenthefirsttodisverandexplorethe
northearicanntinentin1496labradorandnewfoundland
portanceasapossiblelonybut
thebanksofneothe
englishfishingfleetayearlater;in1497;thesacabot
hadexploredtheastofflorida
thenhadethebusyyearsofhenryviiandhenry
viiioneyforforeignexplorations
butunderelizabeth;ary
stuartinprison;thesailorsuldleavetheirharbourhout
fe
………………………………
第64节
arforthefateofthosetheyleftbehindh
illachild;uredtosailpastthe
northcapeandoneofhiscaptains;richardchancellor;pushing
furthereastofapossibleroadtotheindies;
hadreachedarchangel;russia;ablished
diploticandrcialrelationsysteriousrulers
ofthisdistantsviteeireduringthefirstyearsof
elizabethsrulethisvoyagehadbeenfolloany
othersrchantadventurers;hebenefitofa
‘‘jointstockpanyhadlaidthefoundationsoftrading
panieselonies
halfpirate;halfdiplot;ostakeeverythingona
singleluugglersofeverythingthatuldbe
loadedintotheholdofavessel;dealersinnandrchandise
hequalindifferencetoeverythingexcepttheirprofit;the
sailorsofelizabethhadcarriedtheenglishflagandthefa
oftheirvirginqueentothefourersofthesevenseas
anshakespearekeptherjestyasedat
ho;andthebestbrainsandthebestofenglandoperated
pttochangethefeudalinheritance
ofhenryviiiintoadenationalstate
intheyear1603theoldladydiedattheageofseventy
herusin;thegreatgrandsonofheroherhenry
viiandsonofrystuart;herrivalandene;succeeded
herasjasibythegraselfthe
rulerofauntryhefateofitsntinental
rivalsheeuropeanprotestantsandcatholicswere
killingeapttobreakthepowerof
theiradversariesandestablishtheexclusiveruleoftheirown
particularcreed;englandedat
leisureesofeitherlutheror
loyolaitgavetheislandkingdonenorusadvantagein
theingstruggleforlonialpossessionsitassuredengland
aleadershipininteationalaffairshatuntry
hasintaineduntilthepresentdaynoteventhedisastrous
adventurealdevelopnt
thestuarts;hetudors;were‘‘foreigners
inenglandtheydonotseeohaveappreciatedorunderstood
thisfactthenativehouseoftudo
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