《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第23部分


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    inhabitantsofgdeburgthenhistroopsbegantheir

    greatranyinanattetto

    reachthehabsburgpossessionsinitalythreatenedinthe

    rearbythecatholics;gustavussuddenlyveeredaroundand

    defeatedtheinhabsburgarinthebattleoflutzen

    unfortunatelythesrayed

    ahistroopsbutthehabsburgpowerhadbeen

    broken

    ferdinand;ofperson;atonce

    begantodistrusthisonder

    inchief;urderedathisinstigationhe

    catholicbourbons;edtheirhabsburg

    rivals;heardofthis;theyjoinedtheprotestantswedes

    thearesoflouisxiiiinvadedtheeastepartofgey;

    andturenneandndeaddedtheirfatothatof

    banerandar;thesurdering;pillaging

    andbuinghabsburgpropertythisbroughtgreat

    faandrichestothese

    envioustheprotestantdanesthereupondeclaredwarupon

    theprotestantshealliesofthecatholic

    french;icalleader;thecardinalderichelieu;had

    justdeprivedthehuguenotsorfrenchprotestantsofthose

    rightsofpublicheedictofnantesoftheyear

    1598hadguaranteedthe

    theerthehabitofsuchenunters;didnotdecide

    anything;etoanendhthetreatyofphalia

    in1648thecatholicpoainedcatholicand

    theprotestantpoayedfaithfultothedoctrinesof

    lutherandcalvinandzchprotestants

    republicsfrance

    kepttheetzandtoulandverdunandapartofthe

    alsaaneirentinuedtoexistasasort

    ofscarecroen;oney;houthope

    andhouturage

    theonlygoodthethirtyyearsplishedwasa

    negativeoneitdisuragedbothcatholicsandprotestants

    frovertryingitagainhenceforththeylefteachotherin

    peacethishoeanthatreligiousfeelingand

    theologithisearthonthe

    ntrarythequarrelsbetholicandprotestant

    catoanend;butthedisputesbethedifferentprotestant

    sectsntinuedasbitterlyaseverbeforeinholland

    adifferenceofopinionastothetruenatureofpredestination

    averyobsportant

    theeyesofyourgreatgrandfathercausedaquarrelh

    endedhthedecapitationofjohnofoldenbaeveldt;the

    dutchstatesn;hesuccessof

    therepublicduringthefirsttyyearsofitsindependence;

    andhegreatorganisinggeniusofherindiantrading

    panyinengland;thefeudledtocivilwar

    butbeforeitellyouofthisoutbreakothefirst

    executionbyprocessoflato

    saysothingabouttheprevioushistoryofenglandinthis

    bookiaryingtogiveyouonlythoseeventsofthepast

    hrouponthenditionsofthepresent

    entioncertainuntries;thecauseisnot

    tobefoundinanyseypartihati

    uldtellyouhappenedtonorzerlandand

    serbiaandchinabuttheselandsexercisednogreatinfluence

    uponthedevelopntofeuropeinthesixteenthand

    seventeenthbyhapolite

    andveryrespectfulbo

    positionallislandhavedoneduring

    thelastfivehundredyearshasshapedtheurseofhistory

    ineveryerofthehoutaproperknowledgeof

    thebackgroundofenglishhistory;youcannotunderstand

    youreadintheneisthereforenecessary

    thatyouknoentary

    forfgoventherestoftheeuropeanntinent

    onarchs

    theenglishrevolution

    hohestrugglebethe‘‘divine

    rightofkingsandthelessdivine

    butrereasonable‘‘rightof

    parliantendeddisastrouslyfor

    kingcharlesii

    caesar;theearliestexplorerofnortheeurope;had

    crossedthechannelintheyear55bcandhadnquered

    englandduringfourcenturiestheuntrythenreined

    aronprovincebuthebarbariansbeganto

    threatenro;thegarrisonsthefrontier

    thattheyghtdefendthehountryandbritannia

    entandhoutprotection

    assoonasthisbecaknoongthehungrysaxon

    tribesofnorthegey;theysailedacrossthenorthsea

    anddetheelvesathointheprosperousislandthey

    foundedanuerofindependentanglosaxonkingdo

    socalledaftertheoriginalanglesorenglishandthesaxon

    invadersbutthesesllstatesh

    eachotherandnokingself

    astheheadofauniteduntryforrethanfivehundred

    years;rbriaandwessexandsussex

    andkentandeastanglia;ores;were

    exposedtoattacksfroariousscandinavianpiratesfinally

    intheeleventhcentury;england;togetherhnorwayand

    northegeybepire

    ofcanutethegreatandthelastvestigesofindependence

    disappeared

    thedanes;intheurseofti;no

    soonerhanithefourth

    titheneieshedescendantsofanothertribe

    ofnorsenhetenthcenturyhadinvaded

    franandy;

    dukeofnody;ehadlookedacrossthe

    erhanenviouseye;crossedthechannelinoctober

    oftheyear1066atth
………………………………

第63节

    ebattleofhastings;onoctoberthe

    fourteenthofthatyear;hedestroyedtheesofharold

    ofhelastoftheanglosaxonkingsandestablished

    hielfaskingofenglandbutneitheorhis

    successorsofthehouseofanjouandplantageregarded

    englandastheirtruehototheheislanderelya

    partoftheirgreatinheritanceonthentinentasortof

    lonyinhabitedbyratherbackthey

    forcedtheiroiongraduallyhowever

    the‘‘lonyofenglandgaineduponthe‘‘ther

    untryofnodyatthesatithekingsof

    francean

    englishneighboursorethandisobedient

    servantsofthefrenchcroeracenturyofwar

    farethefrenchpeople;undertheleadershipofayounggirlby

    thenaofjoanofartheir

    soiljoanherself;takenaprisoneratthebattleofpiegne

    intheyear1430andsoldbyherburgundiancaptorstothe

    englishsoldiers;chbuttheenglish

    nevergainedfootholduponthentinentandtheirkingswere

    atlastabletodevotealltheirtitotheirbritishpossessions

    asthefeudalnobilityoftheislandhadbeenengagedinoneof

    thosestrangefeudsnintheddleages

    asaslesandsllpox;andasthegreaterpartoftheold

    landedproprietorshadbeenkilledduringthesesocalledwars

    oftheroses;iteeasyforthekingstoincreasetheir

    royalpoheendofthefifteenthcentury;england

    ronglycentraliseduntry;ruledbyhenryvii

    ofthehouseoftudor;ousurtofjustice;the

    ‘‘starery;suppressedallattets

    onthepartofthesurvivingnoblestoregaintheiroldinfluence

    uponthegoventoftheuntryostseverity

    intheyear1509henryviiceededbyhisson

    henryviii;andfrohatntonthehistoryofengland

    gainedaneportancefortheuntryceasedtobea

    diaevalislandandbecaadestate

    henryhadnodeepinterestinreligionhegladlyuseda

    privatedisagreentany

    divorselfindependentofroandke

    thechurchofenglandthefirstofthose‘‘nationalisticchurches

    inhesasthespiritualheadofhis

    subjeationof1034notonlygave

    thehouseoftudorthesupportoftheenglishclergy;who

    foralongtihadbeenexposedtotheviolentattaany

    lutheranpropagandists;butitalsoincreasedtheroyalpower

    throughthenfiserpossessionsofthe

    nasteriesatthesatiitdehenrypopularhthe

    rchantsandtradespeople;heproudandprosperous

    inhabitantsofanislandtherestof

    europebyadislikefor

    everything‘‘foreignanddidnotanitalianbishoptorule

    theirhonestbritishsouls

    in1517henrydiedheleftthethroohissllson;

    agedtentheguardiansoftheode

    lutherando

    buttheboydiedbeforeheeen;andceeded

    byhissisterry;thewifeofphilipiiofspain;who

    buedthebishopsoftheneionalchurchandinother

    pleofherroyalspanishhusband

    fortunatelyshedied;intheyear1558;andceeded

    byelizabeth;thedaughterofhenryviiiandanneboleyn;

    thesendofhissixhehaddecapitatedwhenshe

    nolongerpleasedhielizabeth;etiin

    prison;andtherequestofthe

    holyroneeror;ostrdialeneofeverything

    catholicandspanishshesharedherfathersindifference

    inthetterofreligionbutsheinheritedhisabilityasa

    veryshreer;andspentthefortyfiveyears

    ofherreigninstrengtheningthepohedynastyandin

    inerryislands

    inthissheostablyassistedbyanuerofnwho

    gatheredaroundherthroneanddetheelizabethanagea

    periodofsuchiortancethatyououghttostudyitindetail

    inoneofthespecialbooksofellyouinthe

    bibliographyattheendofthisvolu

    elizabeth;hofeelentirelysafeuponher

    throneshehadarivalandaverydangerousonery;

    ofthehouseofstuart;daughterofafrenchduchessanda

    sttishfather;isiioffranceand

    daughterinlaediciwhohadorganised

    therdersofsaintbartholootherof

    alittleboyethefirststuartking

    ofenglandshecatholicandawillingfriend

    tothoseiesofelizabethherok

    ofpolitiethodsployed

    topunishhercalvinisticsubjects;causedarevolutioninstland

    andforcedrytotakerefugeonenglishterritoryfor

    eighteenyearsshereinedinengland;plottingforeverand

    adayagainsttheanerandwho

    lastobligedtofolloheadviceofhertrusteduncilors

    ‘‘tocutteoffthesttishqueensheade

    theheadteoffintheyear1587andcaused

    abinednaviesofenglandand

    hollanddefeatedphilipsinvinciblearda;aswehavealready

    seen;andthebloeanttodestroythe

    pohetanticatholicleadersuedintoa

    profitablebusinessadventure

    fooanyyearsofhesitation;theenglish

    ashedutchthoughtittheirgoodrighttoinvade

    theindiesandaricaandavengetheillsheirprotes

    tentbrethrenhadsufferedatthehandsofthespaniardsthe

    englishhadbeenangtheearliestsubus

    britishships;ndedbytheveianpilotgiovannicaboto

    orcabot;hadbeenthefirsttodisverandexplorethe

    northearicanntinentin1496labradorandnewfoundland

    portanceasapossiblelonybut

    thebanksofneothe

    englishfishingfleetayearlater;in1497;thesacabot

    hadexploredtheastofflorida

    thenhadethebusyyearsofhenryviiandhenry

    viiioneyforforeignexplorations

    butunderelizabeth;ary

    stuartinprison;thesailorsuldleavetheirharbourhout

    fe
………………………………

第64节

    arforthefateofthosetheyleftbehindh

    illachild;uredtosailpastthe

    northcapeandoneofhiscaptains;richardchancellor;pushing

    furthereastofapossibleroadtotheindies;

    hadreachedarchangel;russia;ablished

    diploticandrcialrelationsysteriousrulers

    ofthisdistantsviteeireduringthefirstyearsof

    elizabethsrulethisvoyagehadbeenfolloany

    othersrchantadventurers;hebenefitofa

    ‘‘jointstockpanyhadlaidthefoundationsoftrading

    panieselonies

    halfpirate;halfdiplot;ostakeeverythingona

    singleluugglersofeverythingthatuldbe

    loadedintotheholdofavessel;dealersinnandrchandise

    hequalindifferencetoeverythingexcepttheirprofit;the

    sailorsofelizabethhadcarriedtheenglishflagandthefa

    oftheirvirginqueentothefourersofthesevenseas

    anshakespearekeptherjestyasedat

    ho;andthebestbrainsandthebestofenglandoperated

    pttochangethefeudalinheritance

    ofhenryviiiintoadenationalstate

    intheyear1603theoldladydiedattheageofseventy

    herusin;thegreatgrandsonofheroherhenry

    viiandsonofrystuart;herrivalandene;succeeded

    herasjasibythegraselfthe

    rulerofauntryhefateofitsntinental

    rivalsheeuropeanprotestantsandcatholicswere

    killingeapttobreakthepowerof

    theiradversariesandestablishtheexclusiveruleoftheirown

    particularcreed;englandedat

    leisureesofeitherlutheror

    loyolaitgavetheislandkingdonenorusadvantagein

    theingstruggleforlonialpossessionsitassuredengland

    aleadershipininteationalaffairshatuntry

    hasintaineduntilthepresentdaynoteventhedisastrous

    adventurealdevelopnt

    thestuarts;hetudors;were‘‘foreigners

    inenglandtheydonotseeohaveappreciatedorunderstood

    thisfactthenativehouseoftudo
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