ofthetaskandheretuedtohelpinthewarfare
upontheheresiesofthelutherans
intheyear1534heudyinginparisatthesorbonne
togetherhsevenotherstudentshefoundedafrateity
theeightnprosedeachotherthattheywouldleadholy
lives;thattheystriveafterrichesbutafterrighteousness;
andselves;bodyandsoul;totheservice
ofthechurchafeallfrateity
hadgrooaregularorganisationandognisedby
popepauliiiasthesocietyofjesus
loyolahadbeenalitarynhebelievedindiscipline;
andabsoluteobediencetotheordersofthesuperiordignitaries
becaoneofthe
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第60节
inoussuccessofthe
jesuitstheyspecialisedineducationtheygavetheir
teachersastthoroughgoingeducationbeforetheyallowed
theotalktoasinglepupiltheylivedhtheirstudents
andtheyenteredintotheirgastheyh
tendercareandasaresulttheyraisedaneionof
faithfulcatholicsooktheirreligiousdutiesasseriously
asthepeopleoftheearlyddleages
theshres;hoealltheirefforts
upontheeducationofthepoortheyenteredthepalaces
oftheghtyandbeperors
andkingsandeantyouwillseeforyourself
ellyouaboutthethirtyyearsbefore
thisterribleandfinaloutbreakofreligiousfanaticisagreat
nyotherthingshadhappened
charlesvanyandaustriahadbeenleft
tohisbrotherferdinandallhisotherpossessions;spainand
theherlandsandtheindiesandaricahadgoohis
sonphilipphiliphesonofcharlesandaportuguese
princessusintoherohe
childrenthatareboofsuchaunionareapttoberather
queerthesonofphilip;theunfortunatedonurdered
afterhhisohersnsent;razy
philipquitecrazy;buthiszealforthechurchbordered
closelyuponreligiousinsanityhebelievedthatheavenhad
appointedhisoneofthesavioursofnkindtherefore;
ajestys
vieedhielfaneneofthehunraceand
stbeexteatedlesthisexalerruptthesoulsof
hispiousneighbours
spain;ofurse;ryallthegoldand
silveroftheneothecastilianandaragonian
treasuriesbutspainsufferedfrocuriouse
nocdiseaseherpeasantsenand
evenharderenbutthebetterclassesintained
asuprentetforanyforflabour;outsideof
eloyntinthearoavyorthecivilserviceasfor
theors;riousartisans;theyhad
beendrivenoutoftheuntrylongbeforeasaresult;spain;
thetreasurechestoftheainedapooruntrybecause
allheeyhadtobesentabroadinexchangeforthe
andtheotheecessitiesoflifehespaniards
negleselves
philip;rulerofthestpoionofthe
sixteenthcentury;dependedforhisrevenueuponthetaxes
rcialbeehiveof
theherlandsbuttheseflengsanddutchnwere
devotedfollohedoctrinesoflutherandcalvin
andtheyhadagesandholy
paintingsandtheyhadinfordthepopethattheyno
longerregardedhistheirshepherdbutintendedtofollow
thediandsoftheir
neranslatedbible
thisplacedthekinginaverydifficultpositionheuld
notpossiblytoleratetheheresiesofhisdutchsubjects;but
heneededtheieyifheallotobeprotestants
andtooknoasurestosavetheirsoulshein
hisdutytotheinquisitiontotheherlands
andbuedhissubjectsatthestake;hehe
greaterpartofhisine
beinganofuncertainatedalong
tihetriedkindnessandstenessandprosesand
threatsthehollandersreinedobstinate;andntinuedto
singpsalandlistentothesesoftheirlutheranand
calvinistpreachersphilipinhisdespairsenthis‘‘nof
iron;thedukeofalba;tobringthesehardenedsinnersto
teralbabeganbydecapitatingthoseleaders
theuntrybeforehisarrivalintheyear1572
thesayearthatthefrenchprotestantleaderswereall
killedduringtheterriblenightofsaintbartholow;he
attaassacredtheinhabitants
asanexalefortheothersthenextyearhelaidsiege
tothetoanufacturingcenterofholland
anallprovincesofthenorthe
herlandshadfordadefensiveunion;thesocalledunion
ofutrean
princeperor
yandasnderof
theirfreebootingsailors;hebeggarsof
thesea;tosaveleyden;cutthedykes;createda
shallohetohthehelpofa
strangelyequippednavynsistingofsed
bargeshroughthe
duntiltheyreachedthecitywalls
itethatanaroftheinvinciblespanish
kinghadsufferedsuchahuliatingdefeatitsurprisedthe
ukden;intherussian
japaneseiontheprotestant
poeansfor
thepurposeofnqueringhisrebellioussubjectshehired
apoorhalfurderof
orangebutthesightoftheirdeadleaderdidnotbringthe
sevenprovinadethebr 》
furiouslyangryintheyear1581;theestatesgeneralthe
etingoftherepresentativesofthesevenprovincesca
togetheratthehagueandstsolelyabjuredtheir
‘‘selvesassudtheburden
ofsovereigntyhusfarhadbeeninvestedintheir
‘‘kingbythegraceofgod
thisisaveryiortanteventinthehistoryofthegreat
struggleforpoliticallibertyitephreached
chfurtherthantheuprisingofthenoblesh
thesigningofthegnacartathesegoodburgherssaid
‘‘betsthereisasilentunderstanding
thatbothsidesshallperforertainservicesandshall
regnisecertaindefinitedutiesifeitherpartyfailstolive
uptothisntract;theotherhastherighttonsideritter
natedthearicansubjectsofkinggeorgeiiiin
theyear1776ilaclusionbuttheyhadthree
thousandlesofoceanbetselvesandtheirruler
andtheestatesgeneraltooktheirdecisioneanta
slohincaseofdefeathinhearingofthespanish
gunsandalthoughinnstantfearofanavengingspanish
fleet
thestoriesaboutasteriousspanishfleetthatonquer
bothhollandandengland;estantqueen
elizabethhadsuccee
………………………………
第61节
dedarywasanold
oneforyearsthesailorsoftheerfronthadtalked
aboutitintheeightiesofthesixteenthcentury;the
ruurtookadefiniteshapeacrdingtopilotswhohad
beeninlisbon;allthespanishandportuguesewharveswere
buildingshipsandinthesoutheherlandsinbelgiubr 》
thedukeofparingalargeexpeditionary
forostendtolondonandaterdabr 》
assoonasthefleetshouldarrive
intheyear1586thegreatardasetsailforthenorth
buttheharboursofthefleshastkadedbya
dutchfleetandthechannelheenglish;and
thespaniards;accustodtothequieterseasofthesouth;did
notknoonavigateinthissquallyandbleaknorthe
cliteadaonceittacked
byshipsandbystorineednottellyouafewships;by
sailingaroundireland;escapedtotelltheterriblestoryof
defeattheothersperishedandlieatthebottofthenorth
sea
tuaboutisfairplaythebritishnodthedutchprot
estantsnoy
beforetheendofthean;hthehelpofa
booklettenbylinschotenahollanderwhohadbeenin
theportugueseservice;hadatlastdisveredtherouteto
theindiesasaresultthegreatdutcheastindiapany
aticheportugueseand
spanishloniesinasiaandafricawasbeguninallseriousness
ithisearlyeraoflonialnquestthata
curiouslaoutinthedutchurtsearlyin
theseventeenthcenturyadutchcaptainbythenaofvan
heekerk;anadehielffausasthehead
ofanexpeditionriedtodisverthenortheaste
passagetotheindiesandaeronthefrozen
shoresoftheislandofnovazela;hadcapturedaportuguese
shipinthestraitsoflaberthat
thepopehaddividedtheotwoequalshares;oneof
othespaniardsandtheothertothe
portuguesetheportuguesequitenaturallyregardedthe
erheirindianislandsaspartoftheir
oont;theyatwar
edthatthe
captainofaprivatedutchtradingpanyhadnorightto
entertheirprivatedoinandstealtheirshipsandthey
broughtsuitthedirectorsofthedutcheastindiapany
hiredabrightyounglaeofdegrootor
grotius;todefendtheircasehedetheastonishingplea
thattheoceanisfreetoallersonceoutsidethedistance
thelandcanreach;theseais
oracrdingtogrotiusoughttobe;afreeandopenhighway
toalltheshipsofallnationsitethatthis
startlingdoctrinehadbeenpubliclypronouncedinaurt
oflaheotherseafaringpeopleto
unteraouspleaforthe‘‘re
liberuor‘‘opensea;johnselden;theenglishn;
oustreatiseuponthe‘‘reclausur‘‘closed
seareatedofthenaturalrightofasovereigntoregard
theseasryasbelongingtohisterritory
intionthisherebecausethequestionhadnotyet
beendecidedandduringthelastsof
difficultiesandplications
toretutotheweenspaniardandhollander
andenglishn;beforetost
valuableloniesoftheindiesandthecapeofgoodhopeand
ceylonandthosealongtheastofchinaandevenjapanwere
inprotestanthandsin1621apanywas
foundedericabuilt
afortresscallednieusterdattheuthoftheriver
heyear1609
thesenehenglandandthedutch
republictosuchanextentthattheyuldhireforeignsoldiers
todotheirfightingonlandselves
tortheprotestantrevoltant
independenanyotherpartsof
europeitantasuccessionofhorrorsparedtohe
lastildexcursionofkindlysundayschoolboys
thethirtyyearsheyear1618
andoustreatyofphaliain1648
heperfectlynaturalresultofacenturyofeverincreasing
religioushatrediterriblewareverybody
foughteverybodyelseandthestruggleendedonlywhen
allpartieshadbeenthoroughlyexhaustedanduldfightno
longer
inlessthanagenerationittuednypartsofcentral
europeintoahehungrypeasantsfought
forthecarcassofadeadhorsehtheevenhungrierwolf
fivesixthsofallthegetoroyed
thepalatinate;inany;wasplundered
tesandapopulationofeighteenllion
peopleillion
thehostilitiesbeganalstassoonasferdinandiiof
thehouseofhabsburghadbeenelectedeerorhewas
theproduostcarefuljesuittrainingandost
obedientanddevoutsonofthechurchthevohhehad
deasayoungn;thatheeallsectsand
allheresiesfroisdoins;ferdinandkepttothebestof
hisabilitytion;hischiefopponent;
frederick;theprotestantelectorofthepalatinateanda
soninlaesiofengland;hadbeendekingof
bohea;indirectviolationofferdinandswishes
atoniathe
youngkinglookedinvainforassistanidable
enethedutchrepublihelp;but;
engagedinadesperatesohthespanishbranch
ofthehabsburgs;itulddolittlethestuartsinengland
oreinterestedinstrengtheningtheiroepower
athothanspendingneyandnuponaforloadventure
infaraiaafterastruggleofafeonths;
theelectorofthepalatinateains
othecatholichouseofbavariathishebeginning
ofthegreatwar
thenthehabsburgares;undertillyandein;
foughttheirany
untiltheyhadreachedtheshoresofthebalticacatholic
neighbourantseriousdangertotheprotestantkingof
denrkselfbyattacking
hiseneesbeforetheyhad
………………………………
第62节
beetoostrongforhithe
danisharesranybuted
einfollooryhsuchenergyandviolence
thatdenrkosueforpeaceonlyone
toainedinthehandsoftheprotestants
thatralsund
there;intheearlysueroftheyear1630;landedking
gustavusadolphusofthehouseofvasa;kingofsweden;
andfausasthenryagainst
therussiansaprotestantprinitedaition;
desirousofkingshecentreofagreatnorthe
eire;gustavusadolphusedbytheprotestant
princesofeuropeasthesaviourofthelutherancausehe
defeatedtilly;successfullybutcheredtheprotestant
inhabitantsofgdeburgthenhistroopsbegantheir
greatranyinanattetto
reachthehabsbur
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