《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第22部分


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    ofthetaskandheretuedtohelpinthewarfare

    upontheheresiesofthelutherans

    intheyear1534heudyinginparisatthesorbonne

    togetherhsevenotherstudentshefoundedafrateity

    theeightnprosedeachotherthattheywouldleadholy

    lives;thattheystriveafterrichesbutafterrighteousness;

    andselves;bodyandsoul;totheservice

    ofthechurchafeallfrateity

    hadgrooaregularorganisationandognisedby

    popepauliiiasthesocietyofjesus

    loyolahadbeenalitarynhebelievedindiscipline;

    andabsoluteobediencetotheordersofthesuperiordignitaries

    becaoneofthe
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第60节

    inoussuccessofthe

    jesuitstheyspecialisedineducationtheygavetheir

    teachersastthoroughgoingeducationbeforetheyallowed

    theotalktoasinglepupiltheylivedhtheirstudents

    andtheyenteredintotheirgastheyh

    tendercareandasaresulttheyraisedaneionof

    faithfulcatholicsooktheirreligiousdutiesasseriously

    asthepeopleoftheearlyddleages

    theshres;hoealltheirefforts

    upontheeducationofthepoortheyenteredthepalaces

    oftheghtyandbeperors

    andkingsandeantyouwillseeforyourself

    ellyouaboutthethirtyyearsbefore

    thisterribleandfinaloutbreakofreligiousfanaticisagreat

    nyotherthingshadhappened

    charlesvanyandaustriahadbeenleft

    tohisbrotherferdinandallhisotherpossessions;spainand

    theherlandsandtheindiesandaricahadgoohis

    sonphilipphiliphesonofcharlesandaportuguese

    princessusintoherohe

    childrenthatareboofsuchaunionareapttoberather

    queerthesonofphilip;theunfortunatedonurdered

    afterhhisohersnsent;razy

    philipquitecrazy;buthiszealforthechurchbordered

    closelyuponreligiousinsanityhebelievedthatheavenhad

    appointedhisoneofthesavioursofnkindtherefore;

    ajestys

    vieedhielfaneneofthehunraceand

    stbeexteatedlesthisexalerruptthesoulsof

    hispiousneighbours

    spain;ofurse;ryallthegoldand

    silveroftheneothecastilianandaragonian

    treasuriesbutspainsufferedfrocuriouse

    nocdiseaseherpeasantsenand

    evenharderenbutthebetterclassesintained

    asuprentetforanyforflabour;outsideof

    eloyntinthearoavyorthecivilserviceasfor

    theors;riousartisans;theyhad

    beendrivenoutoftheuntrylongbeforeasaresult;spain;

    thetreasurechestoftheainedapooruntrybecause

    allheeyhadtobesentabroadinexchangeforthe

    andtheotheecessitiesoflifehespaniards

    negleselves

    philip;rulerofthestpoionofthe

    sixteenthcentury;dependedforhisrevenueuponthetaxes

    rcialbeehiveof

    theherlandsbuttheseflengsanddutchnwere

    devotedfollohedoctrinesoflutherandcalvin

    andtheyhadagesandholy

    paintingsandtheyhadinfordthepopethattheyno

    longerregardedhistheirshepherdbutintendedtofollow

    thediandsoftheir

    neranslatedbible

    thisplacedthekinginaverydifficultpositionheuld

    notpossiblytoleratetheheresiesofhisdutchsubjects;but

    heneededtheieyifheallotobeprotestants

    andtooknoasurestosavetheirsoulshein

    hisdutytotheinquisitiontotheherlands

    andbuedhissubjectsatthestake;hehe

    greaterpartofhisine

    beinganofuncertainatedalong

    tihetriedkindnessandstenessandprosesand

    threatsthehollandersreinedobstinate;andntinuedto

    singpsalandlistentothesesoftheirlutheranand

    calvinistpreachersphilipinhisdespairsenthis‘‘nof

    iron;thedukeofalba;tobringthesehardenedsinnersto

    teralbabeganbydecapitatingthoseleaders

    theuntrybeforehisarrivalintheyear1572

    thesayearthatthefrenchprotestantleaderswereall

    killedduringtheterriblenightofsaintbartholow;he

    attaassacredtheinhabitants

    asanexalefortheothersthenextyearhelaidsiege

    tothetoanufacturingcenterofholland

    anallprovincesofthenorthe

    herlandshadfordadefensiveunion;thesocalledunion

    ofutrean

    princeperor

    yandasnderof

    theirfreebootingsailors;hebeggarsof

    thesea;tosaveleyden;cutthedykes;createda

    shallohetohthehelpofa

    strangelyequippednavynsistingofsed

    bargeshroughthe

    duntiltheyreachedthecitywalls

    itethatanaroftheinvinciblespanish

    kinghadsufferedsuchahuliatingdefeatitsurprisedthe

    ukden;intherussian

    japaneseiontheprotestant

    poeansfor

    thepurposeofnqueringhisrebellioussubjectshehired

    apoorhalfurderof

    orangebutthesightoftheirdeadleaderdidnotbringthe

    sevenprovinadethebr 》

    furiouslyangryintheyear1581;theestatesgeneralthe

    etingoftherepresentativesofthesevenprovincesca

    togetheratthehagueandstsolelyabjuredtheir

    ‘‘selvesassudtheburden

    ofsovereigntyhusfarhadbeeninvestedintheir

    ‘‘kingbythegraceofgod

    thisisaveryiortanteventinthehistoryofthegreat

    struggleforpoliticallibertyitephreached

    chfurtherthantheuprisingofthenoblesh

    thesigningofthegnacartathesegoodburgherssaid

    ‘‘betsthereisasilentunderstanding

    thatbothsidesshallperforertainservicesandshall

    regnisecertaindefinitedutiesifeitherpartyfailstolive

    uptothisntract;theotherhastherighttonsideritter

    natedthearicansubjectsofkinggeorgeiiiin

    theyear1776ilaclusionbuttheyhadthree

    thousandlesofoceanbetselvesandtheirruler

    andtheestatesgeneraltooktheirdecisioneanta

    slohincaseofdefeathinhearingofthespanish

    gunsandalthoughinnstantfearofanavengingspanish

    fleet

    thestoriesaboutasteriousspanishfleetthatonquer

    bothhollandandengland;estantqueen

    elizabethhadsuccee
………………………………

第61节

    dedarywasanold

    oneforyearsthesailorsoftheerfronthadtalked

    aboutitintheeightiesofthesixteenthcentury;the

    ruurtookadefiniteshapeacrdingtopilotswhohad

    beeninlisbon;allthespanishandportuguesewharveswere

    buildingshipsandinthesoutheherlandsinbelgiubr 》

    thedukeofparingalargeexpeditionary

    forostendtolondonandaterdabr 》

    assoonasthefleetshouldarrive

    intheyear1586thegreatardasetsailforthenorth

    buttheharboursofthefleshastkadedbya

    dutchfleetandthechannelheenglish;and

    thespaniards;accustodtothequieterseasofthesouth;did

    notknoonavigateinthissquallyandbleaknorthe

    cliteadaonceittacked

    byshipsandbystorineednottellyouafewships;by

    sailingaroundireland;escapedtotelltheterriblestoryof

    defeattheothersperishedandlieatthebottofthenorth

    sea

    tuaboutisfairplaythebritishnodthedutchprot

    estantsnoy

    beforetheendofthean;hthehelpofa

    booklettenbylinschotenahollanderwhohadbeenin

    theportugueseservice;hadatlastdisveredtherouteto

    theindiesasaresultthegreatdutcheastindiapany

    aticheportugueseand

    spanishloniesinasiaandafricawasbeguninallseriousness

    ithisearlyeraoflonialnquestthata

    curiouslaoutinthedutchurtsearlyin

    theseventeenthcenturyadutchcaptainbythenaofvan

    heekerk;anadehielffausasthehead

    ofanexpeditionriedtodisverthenortheaste

    passagetotheindiesandaeronthefrozen

    shoresoftheislandofnovazela;hadcapturedaportuguese

    shipinthestraitsoflaberthat

    thepopehaddividedtheotwoequalshares;oneof

    othespaniardsandtheothertothe

    portuguesetheportuguesequitenaturallyregardedthe

    erheirindianislandsaspartoftheir

    oont;theyatwar

    edthatthe

    captainofaprivatedutchtradingpanyhadnorightto

    entertheirprivatedoinandstealtheirshipsandthey

    broughtsuitthedirectorsofthedutcheastindiapany

    hiredabrightyounglaeofdegrootor

    grotius;todefendtheircasehedetheastonishingplea

    thattheoceanisfreetoallersonceoutsidethedistance

    thelandcanreach;theseais

    oracrdingtogrotiusoughttobe;afreeandopenhighway

    toalltheshipsofallnationsitethatthis

    startlingdoctrinehadbeenpubliclypronouncedinaurt

    oflaheotherseafaringpeopleto

    unteraouspleaforthe‘‘re

    liberuor‘‘opensea;johnselden;theenglishn;

    oustreatiseuponthe‘‘reclausur‘‘closed

    seareatedofthenaturalrightofasovereigntoregard

    theseasryasbelongingtohisterritory

    intionthisherebecausethequestionhadnotyet

    beendecidedandduringthelastsof

    difficultiesandplications

    toretutotheweenspaniardandhollander

    andenglishn;beforetost

    valuableloniesoftheindiesandthecapeofgoodhopeand

    ceylonandthosealongtheastofchinaandevenjapanwere

    inprotestanthandsin1621apanywas

    foundedericabuilt

    afortresscallednieusterdattheuthoftheriver

    heyear1609

    thesenehenglandandthedutch

    republictosuchanextentthattheyuldhireforeignsoldiers

    todotheirfightingonlandselves

    tortheprotestantrevoltant

    independenanyotherpartsof

    europeitantasuccessionofhorrorsparedtohe

    lastildexcursionofkindlysundayschoolboys

    thethirtyyearsheyear1618

    andoustreatyofphaliain1648

    heperfectlynaturalresultofacenturyofeverincreasing

    religioushatrediterriblewareverybody

    foughteverybodyelseandthestruggleendedonlywhen

    allpartieshadbeenthoroughlyexhaustedanduldfightno

    longer

    inlessthanagenerationittuednypartsofcentral

    europeintoahehungrypeasantsfought

    forthecarcassofadeadhorsehtheevenhungrierwolf

    fivesixthsofallthegetoroyed

    thepalatinate;inany;wasplundered

    tesandapopulationofeighteenllion

    peopleillion

    thehostilitiesbeganalstassoonasferdinandiiof

    thehouseofhabsburghadbeenelectedeerorhewas

    theproduostcarefuljesuittrainingandost

    obedientanddevoutsonofthechurchthevohhehad

    deasayoungn;thatheeallsectsand

    allheresiesfroisdoins;ferdinandkepttothebestof

    hisabilitytion;hischiefopponent;

    frederick;theprotestantelectorofthepalatinateanda

    soninlaesiofengland;hadbeendekingof

    bohea;indirectviolationofferdinandswishes

    atoniathe

    youngkinglookedinvainforassistanidable

    enethedutchrepublihelp;but;

    engagedinadesperatesohthespanishbranch

    ofthehabsburgs;itulddolittlethestuartsinengland

    oreinterestedinstrengtheningtheiroepower

    athothanspendingneyandnuponaforloadventure

    infaraiaafterastruggleofafeonths;

    theelectorofthepalatinateains

    othecatholichouseofbavariathishebeginning

    ofthegreatwar

    thenthehabsburgares;undertillyandein;

    foughttheirany

    untiltheyhadreachedtheshoresofthebalticacatholic

    neighbourantseriousdangertotheprotestantkingof

    denrkselfbyattacking

    hiseneesbeforetheyhad
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第62节

    beetoostrongforhithe

    danisharesranybuted

    einfollooryhsuchenergyandviolence

    thatdenrkosueforpeaceonlyone

    toainedinthehandsoftheprotestants

    thatralsund

    there;intheearlysueroftheyear1630;landedking

    gustavusadolphusofthehouseofvasa;kingofsweden;

    andfausasthenryagainst

    therussiansaprotestantprinitedaition;

    desirousofkingshecentreofagreatnorthe

    eire;gustavusadolphusedbytheprotestant

    princesofeuropeasthesaviourofthelutherancausehe

    defeatedtilly;successfullybutcheredtheprotestant

    inhabitantsofgdeburgthenhistroopsbegantheir

    greatranyinanattetto

    reachthehabsbur
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