bythephoenien;eeredit
asthehoofthehairy‘‘ao
knohegorillaoneafteranother;princehenry
andhiscaptainsdisveredthecanaryislandsredisvered
theislandofdeiraurybeforehadbeenvisited
byagenoeseship;carefullychartedtheazoreshhad
beenvaguelyknooboththeportugueseandthespaniards;
andouthofthesenegalriveron
theastofafrica;heysupposedtobethee
uthofthenileatlast;bytheddleofthefifteenth
century;theysahegreencape;andthe
capeverdeislands;osthalfhe
astofafricaandbrazil
buthenrydidnotrestricthielfinhisinvestigationsto
theasteroftheorder
ofchristthisuguesentinuationofthecrusading
orderofthetelarshhadbeenabolishedby
popeclentvintheyear1312attherequestofking
philipthefairoffrance;provedtheoccasionby
buinghisoplarsatthestakeandstealingalltheir
possessionsprinains
ofhisreligiousordertoequipseveralexpeditionshexplored
thehinterlandofthesaharaandoftheastofguinea
butheuiddleagesand
spentagreatdealoftiandoneyupona
searysterious‘‘presserjohn;thethicalchristian
priestperorofavasteire
‘‘situatedsoheeastthestoryofthisstrange
potentatehadfirstbeentoldineuropeintheddleofthe
thcenturyforthreehundredyearspeoplehadtried
tofind‘‘presserjohnandhisdescendantshenrytookpart
inthesearchthirtyyearsafterhisdeath;theriddlewas
solved
intheyear1486bartholoryingt
………………………………
第51节
ofindtheland
ofpresterjohnbysea;hadreaostpoint
ofafricape;onacuntof
thestrongfrotinuinghis
voyagetoheeast;butthelisbonpilotsood
theiortanceofthisdisveryintheirquestfortheindia
eintothatofthecapeofgood
hope
oneyearlater;pedrodevilhaprovidedhletters
ofediilarssion
bylandheediterraneanandafterleaving
egypt;hetravelledsouth
there;travellingthroughtheersofthepersiangulfh
feenhadseensincethedaysofalexanderthegreat;
eighteencenturiesbefore;hevisitedgoaandcalicutonthe
astofindiaagreatdealofhe
islandoftheondagascarolie
halfued;paid
aseedina;crossedtheredsea
onof
presterjohn;hantheblacknegusor
kingofabyssinia;orshadadoptedchristianity
inthefourthcentury;sevenhundredyearsbeforethechristian
ssionarieshadfoundtheiroscandinavia
thesenyvoyageshadnvincedtheportuguesegeographers
andcartographersthathevoyagetotheindies
byaneastesearouteeanseasy
thentherearoseagreatdebatesopeopleedtontinue
theexplorationseastofthecapeofgoodhopeothers
said;‘‘no;ustsailacrosstheatlanticandthenwe
shallreachcathay
letusstaterightherethatstintelligentpeopleofthat
daylynvincedthattheearthasflatasa
pancakebuteansysteftheuniverse;
inventedanddulydesy;thegreat
egyptiangeographer;hesendcenturyof
ourera;pleneedsofthenofthe
ddleages;hadlongbeendiscardedbythescientistsofthe
renaissancetheyhadacceptedthedoctrineofthepolish
thetician;nilauspeicus;udieshadn
vincedhihattheearthberofroundplas
uedaroundthesun;adisveryventure
topublishforthirtysixyearsitedin1548;
theyearofhisdeathfroearoftheholyinquisition;a
papalurtablishedinthethirteenthcentury
heheresiesofthealbigensesandthewaldenses
infranceandinitalyveryldheresiesofdevoutlypious
peoplebelieveinprivatepropertyandpreferred
toliveinontthreatenedthe
absolutepoebutthebeliefinthe
roundnessoftheearthnangthenauticalexperts
and;asisaid;theyingtherespective
advantagesoftheeasteandtheeroutes
angtheadvocatesoftheeroutewasagenoese
rinerbythenaofboheheson
ofaerchantheseetohavebeenastudentatthe
universityofpaviaatheticsand
geotrythenhetookuphisfatherstradebutsoonwefind
hinediterraneantravellingonbusiness
thereafteroenglandbuther
henorthinsearchofhecaptainofashipwe
donotknoboifwe
aretobelievehisoediceland;butverylikely
heonlygotasfarasthefaroeislandshareldenough
infebruarytobestakenforicelandbyanyonehere
lootthedesenwho
inthetenthcenturyhadsettledingreenlandandwhohad
visitedaricaintheeleventhcentury;whenleifsvessel
hadbeenblootheastofvineland;orlabrador
eofthosefareloniesnoone
kneericanlonyofthorfinnkarlsefne;thehusband
oftheherthorstein;foundedinthe
year1003;hadbeendisntinuedthreeyearslateronacunt
ofthehostilityoftheesquiuxasforgreenland;nota
thesettlerssincetheyear1440
verylikelythegreenlandershadalldiedoftheblackdeath
killedhalfthepeopleofnorwayhowever
thatghtbe;thetraditionofa‘‘vastlandinthedistant
stillsurvivedangthepeopleofthefaroeandiceland;and
loosthaveheardofithegatheredfurtherinfortion
angthefisheofthenorthesttishislandsand
thenarriedthedaughterofone
ofthecaptainshe
navigator
frohatntontheyear1478hedevotedhielf
tothequestoftheeroutetotheindieshesenthis
plansforsuchavoyagetotheurtsofportugalandspain
theportuguese;onop
olyoftheeasteroute;listentohisplansin
spain;ferdinandofaragonandisabellaofcastile;whose
rriagein1469haddespainintoasinglekingdowere
busydrivingtheorsfroheirlaststronghold;granada
theyhadnoneyforriskyexpeditionstheyneededevery
pesetafortheirsoldiers
feofightasdesperatelyfor
theirideasasthisbraveitalianbutthestoryofloo
orlonorluus;as;istooo
bearrepeatingtheorssurrenderedgranadaonthesend
ofjanuaryoftheyear1492inthenthofaprilofthe
sayear;luussignedantracththekingand
queenofspainonfriday;the3rdofaugust;heleftpalos
en;nyof
inalsnityofpunishnt
iftheyjoinedtheexpeditionattoing
offriday;the12thofobusdisveredlandon
thefourthofjanuaryoftheyear1493;luuswavedfarewell
tothe44nofthelittlefortressoflanavidadnone
ofeward
bytheddleoffebruaryhereachedtheazoreshe
portuguesethreatenedtothrointogaolonthefifteenth
ofrch;1493;theadralreachedpalosandtogetherh
hisindiansforhee
outlyingislandsoftheindiesandcalledthenativesred
indianshehastenedtobarcelonatotellhisfaithfulpatrons
thathehadbeensuccessfulandthattheroadtothe
………………………………
第52节
goldand
thesilverofcathayandzipanguthedisposaloftheir
stajesties
alas;luusneverknehetruthtoheend
ofhislife;onhisfourthvoyage;ainland
ofsoutharica;heyhavesuspectedthatallwas
notbelief
thatthereinentbetweeneuropeandasia
andthathehadfoundthedirectroutetochina
anheportuguese;stickingtotheireasteroute;
hadbeenrefortunateintheyear1498;vasdaga
hadbeenabletoreaalabarandretusafely
tolisbonhacargoofspiceintheyear1502hehad
repeatedthevisitbutalongtheeroute;theworkof
explorationhadbeenstdisappointingin1497and1498
johnandsebastiancabothadtriedtofindapassagetojapan
buttheyhadseennothingbutthesnosandthe
rocksofnebeensightedbythe
northn;fiveerigovespucci;aflorentine
ethepilotjorofspain;andwhogavehis
natooutinent;hadexploredtheastofbrazil;but
hadfoundnotatraceoftheindies
intheyear1513;sevenyearsafterthedeathofluus;
thetruthatlastbegantodahegeographersof
europevasnunezdebalboahadusof
pana;hadcliedthefauspeakindarien;andhad
lookeddoedto
suggesttheexistenceofanotherocean
finallyintheyear1519afleetoffivesllspanishships
undedoftheportuguesenavigator;ferdinandde
gellan;sailedeasthatroute;
elyinthehandsoftheportuguesewhoallowedno
petitioninsearagellancrossed
theatlanticbethward
hereachedanarroostpoint
ofpatagonia;the‘‘landofthepeoplehthebigfeet;and
thefireislandsonadonacuntofafire;theonlysignof
theexistenceofnatives;hesailorschedonenight
foralstfiveercy
oftheterriblestorandblizzardsthroughthe
straitsatinybrokeoutangthesailorsgellan
suppressediten
onshoreheytorepentoftheirsinsatleisure
atlastthestorquieteddohechannelbroadened;and
gellanenteredanesand
placidhecalleditthepeacefulsea;therepacifi
thenhentinuedinaedirectionhesailedfor
niyeightdaysost
perishedfroungerandthirstandatetheratsthatinfested
theships;andheseheycheesof
sailtostilltheirgnawinghunger
inrchoftheyear1521theysaagellancalled
itthelandoftheladroneseansrobbersbecausethe
nativesstoleeverythingtheyuldlayhandsonthenfurther
othespiceislands
againlandagellan
calledthehephilippines;afterphilip;thesonofhis
sterery
atfirstgellanwhenheused
thegunsofhisshipstokechristiannvertshewaskilled
bytheaborigines;togetherberofhiscaptainsand
sailorsthesurvivorsbuedoneofthethreereiningships
andntinuedtheirvoyagetheyfoundtheluccas;the
fausspiceislands;theysightedboeoandreachedtidor
there;oneofthetooleakytobeoffurtheruse;
reinedbehindhhercretoria;undersebastian
delissedseeingthe
northeastofaustraliadisvereduntil
thefirsthalfoftheseventeenthcenturyhe
dutcheastindiapanyexploredthisflatandinhospitable
land;andaftergreathardshipsreachedspain
thisostnotableofallvoyagesithadtaken
threeyearsithadbeenacplishedatagreatstbothof
nandneybutithadestablishedthefactthattheearth
buswere
notapartoftheindiesbutaseparatentinentfrohat
tion;spainandportugaldevotedalltheirenergiestothe
developntoftheirindianandaricantradetoprevent
anardnflictbetherivals;popealexandervithe
onlyavoostholy
officehadobliginglydividedtheots
byalineofdercationhe50thdegreeof
longitudeofgreenhesocalleddivisionoftordesillas
of1494theportugueseoestablishtheirlonies
totheeastofthisline;thespaniardsohavetheirs
totheerican
ntinentespanishand
thatalloftheindiesandstofafricabecaportuguese
untiltheenglishandthedutchlonists
forpapaldecisionstookthesepossessionsaheseventeenth
andeighteenthcenturies
he
rialtoofvenice;theiddleages;there
erriblepanicstocksandbondsdown40and50
percentafterashortbus
hadfailedtofindtheroadtocathay;theveianrchants
reveredfroheirfrightbutthevoyagesofdagaand
gellanprovedthepracticalpossibilitiesofaneasteer
routetotheindiesthentherulersofgenoaandvenice;
thetriddleagesandthe
renaissance;begantobesorrythattheyhadrefusedtolisten
toluusbutite
aninlandseatheoverlandtradetotheindiesand
chinadoinsignificantproportionstheolddays
ofitaliangloryethenew
erceandthereforethecentreofcivilisation
ithasreinedsoeversince
seehorangelycivilisationhasprogressedsincethose
earlydays;fiftycenturiesbefore;heinhabitantsofthe
valleyofthenilebegantokeepatenrerdofhistory;
froheriveile;itia;thelandbetween
theriversthencathetuofcreteandgreeceand
roaninlandseabecathecentreoftradeandthecities
alongthediterraneaneofartandscienceand
philosophyandleainginthesixteenthcentur
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第53节
yitved
oreanddetheuntriestha
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