《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第18部分


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    bythephoenien;eeredit

    asthehoofthehairy‘‘ao

    knohegorillaoneafteranother;princehenry

    andhiscaptainsdisveredthecanaryislandsredisvered

    theislandofdeiraurybeforehadbeenvisited

    byagenoeseship;carefullychartedtheazoreshhad

    beenvaguelyknooboththeportugueseandthespaniards;

    andouthofthesenegalriveron

    theastofafrica;heysupposedtobethee

    uthofthenileatlast;bytheddleofthefifteenth

    century;theysahegreencape;andthe

    capeverdeislands;osthalfhe

    astofafricaandbrazil

    buthenrydidnotrestricthielfinhisinvestigationsto

    theasteroftheorder

    ofchristthisuguesentinuationofthecrusading

    orderofthetelarshhadbeenabolishedby

    popeclentvintheyear1312attherequestofking

    philipthefairoffrance;provedtheoccasionby

    buinghisoplarsatthestakeandstealingalltheir

    possessionsprinains

    ofhisreligiousordertoequipseveralexpeditionshexplored

    thehinterlandofthesaharaandoftheastofguinea

    butheuiddleagesand

    spentagreatdealoftiandoneyupona

    searysterious‘‘presserjohn;thethicalchristian

    priestperorofavasteire

    ‘‘situatedsoheeastthestoryofthisstrange

    potentatehadfirstbeentoldineuropeintheddleofthe

    thcenturyforthreehundredyearspeoplehadtried

    tofind‘‘presserjohnandhisdescendantshenrytookpart

    inthesearchthirtyyearsafterhisdeath;theriddlewas

    solved

    intheyear1486bartholoryingt
………………………………

第51节

    ofindtheland

    ofpresterjohnbysea;hadreaostpoint

    ofafricape;onacuntof

    thestrongfrotinuinghis

    voyagetoheeast;butthelisbonpilotsood

    theiortanceofthisdisveryintheirquestfortheindia

    eintothatofthecapeofgood

    hope

    oneyearlater;pedrodevilhaprovidedhletters

    ofediilarssion

    bylandheediterraneanandafterleaving

    egypt;hetravelledsouth

    there;travellingthroughtheersofthepersiangulfh

    feenhadseensincethedaysofalexanderthegreat;

    eighteencenturiesbefore;hevisitedgoaandcalicutonthe

    astofindiaagreatdealofhe

    islandoftheondagascarolie

    halfued;paid

    aseedina;crossedtheredsea

    onof

    presterjohn;hantheblacknegusor

    kingofabyssinia;orshadadoptedchristianity

    inthefourthcentury;sevenhundredyearsbeforethechristian

    ssionarieshadfoundtheiroscandinavia

    thesenyvoyageshadnvincedtheportuguesegeographers

    andcartographersthathevoyagetotheindies

    byaneastesearouteeanseasy

    thentherearoseagreatdebatesopeopleedtontinue

    theexplorationseastofthecapeofgoodhopeothers

    said;‘‘no;ustsailacrosstheatlanticandthenwe

    shallreachcathay

    letusstaterightherethatstintelligentpeopleofthat

    daylynvincedthattheearthasflatasa

    pancakebuteansysteftheuniverse;

    inventedanddulydesy;thegreat

    egyptiangeographer;hesendcenturyof

    ourera;pleneedsofthenofthe

    ddleages;hadlongbeendiscardedbythescientistsofthe

    renaissancetheyhadacceptedthedoctrineofthepolish

    thetician;nilauspeicus;udieshadn

    vincedhihattheearthberofroundplas

    uedaroundthesun;adisveryventure

    topublishforthirtysixyearsitedin1548;

    theyearofhisdeathfroearoftheholyinquisition;a

    papalurtablishedinthethirteenthcentury

    heheresiesofthealbigensesandthewaldenses

    infranceandinitalyveryldheresiesofdevoutlypious

    peoplebelieveinprivatepropertyandpreferred

    toliveinontthreatenedthe

    absolutepoebutthebeliefinthe

    roundnessoftheearthnangthenauticalexperts

    and;asisaid;theyingtherespective

    advantagesoftheeasteandtheeroutes

    angtheadvocatesoftheeroutewasagenoese

    rinerbythenaofboheheson

    ofaerchantheseetohavebeenastudentatthe

    universityofpaviaatheticsand

    geotrythenhetookuphisfatherstradebutsoonwefind

    hinediterraneantravellingonbusiness

    thereafteroenglandbuther

    henorthinsearchofhecaptainofashipwe

    donotknoboifwe

    aretobelievehisoediceland;butverylikely

    heonlygotasfarasthefaroeislandshareldenough

    infebruarytobestakenforicelandbyanyonehere

    lootthedesenwho

    inthetenthcenturyhadsettledingreenlandandwhohad

    visitedaricaintheeleventhcentury;whenleifsvessel

    hadbeenblootheastofvineland;orlabrador

    eofthosefareloniesnoone

    kneericanlonyofthorfinnkarlsefne;thehusband

    oftheherthorstein;foundedinthe

    year1003;hadbeendisntinuedthreeyearslateronacunt

    ofthehostilityoftheesquiuxasforgreenland;nota

    thesettlerssincetheyear1440

    verylikelythegreenlandershadalldiedoftheblackdeath

    killedhalfthepeopleofnorwayhowever

    thatghtbe;thetraditionofa‘‘vastlandinthedistant

    stillsurvivedangthepeopleofthefaroeandiceland;and

    loosthaveheardofithegatheredfurtherinfortion

    angthefisheofthenorthesttishislandsand

    thenarriedthedaughterofone

    ofthecaptainshe

    navigator

    frohatntontheyear1478hedevotedhielf

    tothequestoftheeroutetotheindieshesenthis

    plansforsuchavoyagetotheurtsofportugalandspain

    theportuguese;onop

    olyoftheeasteroute;listentohisplansin

    spain;ferdinandofaragonandisabellaofcastile;whose

    rriagein1469haddespainintoasinglekingdowere

    busydrivingtheorsfroheirlaststronghold;granada

    theyhadnoneyforriskyexpeditionstheyneededevery

    pesetafortheirsoldiers

    feofightasdesperatelyfor

    theirideasasthisbraveitalianbutthestoryofloo

    orlonorluus;as;istooo

    bearrepeatingtheorssurrenderedgranadaonthesend

    ofjanuaryoftheyear1492inthenthofaprilofthe

    sayear;luussignedantracththekingand

    queenofspainonfriday;the3rdofaugust;heleftpalos

    en;nyof

    inalsnityofpunishnt

    iftheyjoinedtheexpeditionattoing

    offriday;the12thofobusdisveredlandon

    thefourthofjanuaryoftheyear1493;luuswavedfarewell

    tothe44nofthelittlefortressoflanavidadnone

    ofeward

    bytheddleoffebruaryhereachedtheazoreshe

    portuguesethreatenedtothrointogaolonthefifteenth

    ofrch;1493;theadralreachedpalosandtogetherh

    hisindiansforhee

    outlyingislandsoftheindiesandcalledthenativesred

    indianshehastenedtobarcelonatotellhisfaithfulpatrons

    thathehadbeensuccessfulandthattheroadtothe
………………………………

第52节

    goldand

    thesilverofcathayandzipanguthedisposaloftheir

    stajesties

    alas;luusneverknehetruthtoheend

    ofhislife;onhisfourthvoyage;ainland

    ofsoutharica;heyhavesuspectedthatallwas

    notbelief

    thatthereinentbetweeneuropeandasia

    andthathehadfoundthedirectroutetochina

    anheportuguese;stickingtotheireasteroute;

    hadbeenrefortunateintheyear1498;vasdaga

    hadbeenabletoreaalabarandretusafely

    tolisbonhacargoofspiceintheyear1502hehad

    repeatedthevisitbutalongtheeroute;theworkof

    explorationhadbeenstdisappointingin1497and1498

    johnandsebastiancabothadtriedtofindapassagetojapan

    buttheyhadseennothingbutthesnosandthe

    rocksofnebeensightedbythe

    northn;fiveerigovespucci;aflorentine

    ethepilotjorofspain;andwhogavehis

    natooutinent;hadexploredtheastofbrazil;but

    hadfoundnotatraceoftheindies

    intheyear1513;sevenyearsafterthedeathofluus;

    thetruthatlastbegantodahegeographersof

    europevasnunezdebalboahadusof

    pana;hadcliedthefauspeakindarien;andhad

    lookeddoedto

    suggesttheexistenceofanotherocean

    finallyintheyear1519afleetoffivesllspanishships

    undedoftheportuguesenavigator;ferdinandde

    gellan;sailedeasthatroute;

    elyinthehandsoftheportuguesewhoallowedno

    petitioninsearagellancrossed

    theatlanticbethward

    hereachedanarroostpoint

    ofpatagonia;the‘‘landofthepeoplehthebigfeet;and

    thefireislandsonadonacuntofafire;theonlysignof

    theexistenceofnatives;hesailorschedonenight

    foralstfiveercy

    oftheterriblestorandblizzardsthroughthe

    straitsatinybrokeoutangthesailorsgellan

    suppressediten

    onshoreheytorepentoftheirsinsatleisure

    atlastthestorquieteddohechannelbroadened;and

    gellanenteredanesand

    placidhecalleditthepeacefulsea;therepacifi

    thenhentinuedinaedirectionhesailedfor

    niyeightdaysost

    perishedfroungerandthirstandatetheratsthatinfested

    theships;andheseheycheesof

    sailtostilltheirgnawinghunger

    inrchoftheyear1521theysaagellancalled

    itthelandoftheladroneseansrobbersbecausethe

    nativesstoleeverythingtheyuldlayhandsonthenfurther

    othespiceislands

    againlandagellan

    calledthehephilippines;afterphilip;thesonofhis

    sterery

    atfirstgellanwhenheused

    thegunsofhisshipstokechristiannvertshewaskilled

    bytheaborigines;togetherberofhiscaptainsand

    sailorsthesurvivorsbuedoneofthethreereiningships

    andntinuedtheirvoyagetheyfoundtheluccas;the

    fausspiceislands;theysightedboeoandreachedtidor

    there;oneofthetooleakytobeoffurtheruse;

    reinedbehindhhercretoria;undersebastian

    delissedseeingthe

    northeastofaustraliadisvereduntil

    thefirsthalfoftheseventeenthcenturyhe

    dutcheastindiapanyexploredthisflatandinhospitable

    land;andaftergreathardshipsreachedspain

    thisostnotableofallvoyagesithadtaken

    threeyearsithadbeenacplishedatagreatstbothof

    nandneybutithadestablishedthefactthattheearth

    buswere

    notapartoftheindiesbutaseparatentinentfrohat

    tion;spainandportugaldevotedalltheirenergiestothe

    developntoftheirindianandaricantradetoprevent

    anardnflictbetherivals;popealexandervithe

    onlyavoostholy

    officehadobliginglydividedtheots

    byalineofdercationhe50thdegreeof

    longitudeofgreenhesocalleddivisionoftordesillas

    of1494theportugueseoestablishtheirlonies

    totheeastofthisline;thespaniardsohavetheirs

    totheerican

    ntinentespanishand

    thatalloftheindiesandstofafricabecaportuguese

    untiltheenglishandthedutchlonists

    forpapaldecisionstookthesepossessionsaheseventeenth

    andeighteenthcenturies

    he

    rialtoofvenice;theiddleages;there

    erriblepanicstocksandbondsdown40and50

    percentafterashortbus

    hadfailedtofindtheroadtocathay;theveianrchants

    reveredfroheirfrightbutthevoyagesofdagaand

    gellanprovedthepracticalpossibilitiesofaneasteer

    routetotheindiesthentherulersofgenoaandvenice;

    thetriddleagesandthe

    renaissance;begantobesorrythattheyhadrefusedtolisten

    toluusbutite

    aninlandseatheoverlandtradetotheindiesand

    chinadoinsignificantproportionstheolddays

    ofitaliangloryethenew

    erceandthereforethecentreofcivilisation

    ithasreinedsoeversince

    seehorangelycivilisationhasprogressedsincethose

    earlydays;fiftycenturiesbefore;heinhabitantsofthe

    valleyofthenilebegantokeepatenrerdofhistory;

    froheriveile;itia;thelandbetween

    theriversthencathetuofcreteandgreeceand

    roaninlandseabecathecentreoftradeandthecities

    alongthediterraneaneofartandscienceand

    philosophyandleainginthesixteenthcentur
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第53节

    yitved

    oreanddetheuntriestha
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