sllnuerofrichrchantfaliestheyelectedasenate
andadogeorduke;buttheactualrulersofthecitywere
theersofthefausunciloften;aintained
theelvesofsecret
serviurderers;chupon
allcitizensandquietlyrevedthoseightbedangerous
tothesafetyoftheirhighhandedandunsittee
ofpublicsafety
theotherextreofgovent;adecracyofvery
turbulenthabits;obefoundinflorencethiscity
ntrolledtheinroadfroortheeuropetoroandused
theneythisfortunateenoc
positiontoengageinnufacturingtheflorentinestriedto
follopleofathensnoblen;priestsanders
oftheguildsalltookpartinthediscussionsofcivicaffairs
thisledtogreatcivicupheavalpeoplewereforeverbeingdivided
intopoliticalpartiesandthesepartiesfoughteachother
iesandnfiscated
theirpossessionsassoonastheyhadgainedavictoryinthe
unobs;
theinevitablehappenedapoilydeitselfster
ofthecityandgoveedthetohesurroundinguntry
afterthefashionoftheoldgreek‘‘tyrantstheyalled
thedicitheearliestdicihadbeenphysiciansdicus
islatinforphysician;hencetheia;butlatertheyhad
tuedbankertheirbanksand
………………………………
第44节
theirpaobe
foundinallthereiortantcentresoftradeeventoday
ouraricanpahethreegoldenballs
softheghtyhouseof
thediarriedtheir
daughterstothekingsoffranceandwereburiedingraves
ancaesar
thentherehegreatrivalofvenice;where
therchantsspecialisedintradehtunisinafricaand
thegraindepotsoftheblackseathenthereorethan
telargeandsosll;eachaperfect
rfightingtheieighboursand
rivalshtheundyinghatredofneighbourswhoaredepriving
eachotheroftheirprofits
oncetheproductsoftheorientandafricahadbeen
broughttothesedistributingcentres;theystbeprepared
forthevoyagetotheandthenorth
genoacarriedhergoodsbywhere
theyothecitiesalongtherhone;hin
tuservedastherketplacesofnortheande
france
veniceusedthelandroutetonortheeuropethisancient
roadledacrossthebrennerpass;theoldgatewayfor
thebarbariansalypastinnsbruck;the
rchandisethereitdrifteddown
therhiothenorthseaandengland;oritakento
augsburgilyhbankers
andnufacturersandlyby‘‘shaving
theinsen;lookedafter
thefurtherdistributiontonureergandleipzigandthe
citiesofthebalticandtoheislandofgotland
ertheneedsofthenorthebalticanddealt
directlyrcial
centreofrussiaroyedbyivantheterriblein
theddleofthesixteenthcentury
thelittlecitiesontheastofnortheeuropehad
aninterestingstoryoftheiroediaevalea
greatdealoffishthereanyfastdaysandthenpeople
ittedtoeatatforthosewholivedaway
froheastandfroherivers;thisantadietofeggs
oothingatallbutearlyinthethirteenthcenturyadutch
fishehaddisveredahatit
uldbetransportedtodistantpointstheherringfisheries
ofthenorthseathenbeportancebutso
tiduringthethirteenthcentury;thisusefullittlefishfor
reasonsofitsoovedfrohenorthseatothebalticand
theakeneyallthe
othebaltictocatchherringandasthatfish
uldonlybecaughtduringafeonthseachyeartherest
ofthetiitspendsindeepiliesof
littleherringstheshipsherest
ofthetiunlesstheyhadfoundanotheroccupationthey
henusedtocarrytheofnortheandcentralrussia
tosoutheandeeuropeontheretuvoyage
theybroughtspicesandsilksandcarpetsandorientalrugs
froeniburgandbren
outofsuportant
systefinteationaltradethe
nufacturingcitiesofbrugesandghentighty
guildsfoughtpitchedbattleshthekingsoffranceand
englandandestablishedalabourtyrannypletely
ruinedboththeeloyersandtheentotherepublic
ofnovgorodinnortherussia;ightycityuntil
tsarivan;erchants;tookthetownand
killedsixtythousandpeopleinlessthananthstiand
reducedthesurvivorstobeggary
thattheyghtprotecttheelvesagainstpiratesand
exerchantsofthe
northfoundedaprotectiveleaguehe
‘‘hansathehansa;sheadquartersinlubeck;
orethanonehundredcities
theassoaintainedanavyofitsorolled
theseasandfoughtanddefeatedthekingsofenglandand
denrkheydaredtointerferehtherightsandthe
privilegesoftheghtyhanseaticrchants
iorespaeofthewonderful
storiesofthisstrangerceharriedon
aountainsandaidst
sueagloriousadventure
butitesanditcannotbedonehere
besides;ihopethatihavetoldyouenoughabouttheddle
agestokeyouoreintheexcellentbooks
ofe
theddleages;asihavetriedtoshowyou;hadbeena
periodofveryslohepeopleer
believedthat‘‘progressionof
theeviloneandoughttobedisuraged;andastheyhap
penedtooighty;itoenforce
theirhepatientserfsandtheilliterateknights
hereandthereafeetisventuredforthinto
theforbiddenregionofscience;buttheyfaredbadlyandwere
nsideredluckyheyescapedhtheirlivesandajail
sentenceoftyyears
inthethandthirteenthcenturiesthefloodof
inteationalrcesovereeuropeasthenile
hadsacrossthevalleyofancientegyptitleftbehind
afertilesedintofprosperityprosperityantleisure
hoursandtheseleisurehoursgavebothnandena
anuscriptsandtakeaninterestinliterature
andartandsic
thenoncerehehthatdivinecuriosity
anfroheranksofthoseother
alsained
du;andthecities;ofentihave
toldyouinlastchapter;offeredasafesheltertothese
bravepioneersain
oftheestablishedorderofthings
theysettoheheir
cloisteredandstudiouscellsafloodofsunlightenteredthe
dustyrooandshothebhered
duringthelongperiodofsedarkness
theybegantocleanhousenexttheycleanedtheirgardens
thentheybling
tohisisagoodworldweare
gladthat
atthatnt;theddleagescatoanendandanew
worldbegan
therenaissance
………………………………
第45节
peopleonceredaredtobehappy
justbecausetheyhey
triedtosavethereinsofthe
olderandreagreeablecivilisation
ofroandgreeceandthey
ents
thattheyspokeofarenaissance
orrebirthofcivilisation
therenaissanent
itind
thenoftherenaissancentinuedtobetheobedient
sonsofthetherchurchtheysofkingsand
eerorsanddukesandrrednot
buttheiroutlookuponlifeo
clothestospeakadifferentlanguagetolive
differentlivesindifferenthouses
theynolongecentratedalltheirthoughtsandtheir
effortsupontheblessedexistencethatainheaven
theytriedtoestablishtheirparadiseuponthispla;and;
truthtotell;theysucceededinarerkabledegree
ihavequiteoftenthedangerthat
liesinhistoritooliterallythey
thinkoftheddleagesasaperiodofdarknessandignor
ance‘‘click;saystheclock;andtherenaissancebeginsand
citiesandpalacesarefloodedhthebrightsunlightofan
eagerintellectualcuriosity
asatteroffact;itisquiteiossibletodrah
sharplinesthethirteenthostdecidedly
totheddleagesallhistoriansagreeuponthatbutwas
itatiofdarknessandstagnationrelybynoans
peopleendouslyalivegreatstateswerebeing
foundedlargeercewerebeingdeveloped
highabovetheturrettedtohecastleandthepeaked
roofofthetoheslenderspireofthene
gothiccathedraleveryotionthe
highandghtygentlenofthecityhall;e
nsciousoftheirorengthbyheirrecently
acquiredrichesorepohtheir
feudalsterstheersoftheguildse
aportantfactthat‘‘nuersuntwere
fightingthehighandghtygentlenofthecityhallthe
kingandhisshrefishinginthesetroubled
anyashiningbassofprofithey
proceededtookandeatbeforethenosesofthesurprisedand
disappointeduncillorsandguildbrethren
toenliventhesceneryduringthelonghoursofevening
hebadlylightedstreetsdidnotinvitefurtherpolitical
andenoinnesingerstold
theirstoriesandsangtheirsongsofronceandadventure
andheroisndloyaltytoallfairenanh;
iatientoftheslootheuniversities;
andtherebyhangsastory
theddleagesindedthat
soundsdifficult;butode
peopleare‘‘nationallyndederien
orfrenchnoritaliansandspeakenglishorfrench
oritalianandgotoenglishandfrenchanditalianuniversities;
unlesseparticularbranch
ofleaingaughtelsehenwelea
anotherlanguageandgotoniadridorsw
butthepeopleofthethirteenthorfourteenthcenturyrarely
talkedoftheelvesasenglishnorfrenchnoritalians
theysaid;‘‘iacitizenofsheffieldorbordeauxorgenoa
beechurchtheyfelt
aenuld
speaklatin;theypossessedaninteationallanguageh
revedthestupidlanguagebarriershhavegrownup
indeeuropeandallnationsatsuch
anenorusdisadvantagejustasanexale;takethecase
oferass;thegreatpreacheroftoleranceandlaughter;who
ehisbooksinthesixteenthcenturyhehenative
ofaslldutchvillageheeinlatinandalltheworld
oday;heein
dutillionpeopleo
readhitobeunderstoodbytherestofeuropeandarica;
hispublishersotranslatehisbooksinto
toney
andstlikelythepublishersakethetrouble
ortherisk
sixhundredyearsagothatuldnothappenthegreater
partofthepeopleillveryignorantanduldnotread
orasteredthedifficultart
ofhandlingthegoosequillbelongedtoaninteationalrepublic
oflettersheentirentinentandh
kneitationsoflanguage
oationalitytheuniversitieshestrongholdsof
thisrepublicunlikedefortifications;theydidnotfollow
thefrontiertheyobefoundeacher
andafeselvestogetherthere
againtheddleagesandtherenaissancedifferedfrour
oenoyisbuilt;the
proan
ethingforthenityinhhelivesor
aparticularreligioussectstobuildaschooltokeepits
faithfulchildrenunderdecentsupervision;orastateneedsdoc
torsandlaeacherstheuniversitybeginsasa
largesufneyoney
isthenusedtonstruitories
finallyprofessionalteachersarehired;entranceexanations
areheldandtheuniversityisontheway
butintheddleagesthingsan
saidtohielf;‘‘ihavedisveredagreattruthistiart
kno
;
likeadesoapboxoratorifheerestingspeaker;the
croeandstayedifheheyshruggedtheirshoulders
andntinuedtheirway
byandbyenbegantoeregularlytohear
theofthisgreatteachertheybroughtpybooks
andalittlebottleofinkandagoosequilland
edtobeiortantonedayitrained
theteaptybasentor
theroofthe‘‘professortheleaednsatinhischair
andtheboyssatonthefloorthathebeginningofthe
university;the‘‘universitas;arporationofprofessorsand
studentsduringtheddleages;he‘‘teacherunted
foreverythingandthebuildingi
………………………………
第46节
naughtuntedfor
verylittle
asanexale;lettellyouofsothingthathappened
intheninthcenturyinthetohere
berofexcellentphysicianstheyattractedpeople
desirousofleaingthediosta
thousandyearsuntil1817thereyofsaleo
ofhippocrates;thegreatgreekdoctor
icedhisartinancienthellasinthefifth
centurybeforethebirthofchrist
thentherebrittany;
hethcenturybegantolectureontheology
andlogienflocked
tothefrenotherpriestswhodisagreed
steppedforoexplaintheirpointofviewparis
ouringltitudeofenglishnand
gesand
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