《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第14部分


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    theelvespartofthegeneralscheofthings;hincluded

    eerorsandserfs;popesandheretics;heroesandsklers;

    rien;beggaandthievestheyaccepted

    thisdivineordinanceandaskednoquestionsinthis;

    ofurse;theydifferedradiodepeople

    nothingandprovetheirown

    financialandpoliticalsituation

    tothenandanofthethirteenthcentury;theworld

    hereafteraheavenofstone

    andsufferingantsothingrethanetywords

    orvaguetheologicalphrasesitualfactandthe

    diaevalburghersandknightsspentthegreaterpartoftheir

    tipreparingforitodepeopleregardanoble

    deathafteralifeoftheancient

    greeksandronsafterthreesreyearsof;

    osleephthefeelingthatallwillbewell

    butduringtheddleages;thekingofterrorsh

    hisgrinningskullandhisrattlingbonesanssteady

    panionhesuphterribletunesonhis

    siled

    attheroehindtreesandshrubsheytookagirl

    outforahingbuthairraising

    yasaboutceteriesandffinsandfearfuldiseaseswhen

    youeadoflisteningtothefairystories

    ofandersonandgri;you;too;wouldhavelivedallyour

    daysinadreadofthefinalhourandthegruesodayof

    judgntthatisexactlyhappenedtothechildrenof

    theddleagestheyvedinaworldofdevilsandspooks

    andonlyafeetis;theirfearof

    thefuturefilledtheirsoulsilityandpiety;butoften

    itinfluencrueland

    sentintaltheyurderalltheen

    andchildrenofacapturedcityandthentheyly

    rchtoaholyspotandhtheirhandsgoryhtheblood

    ofinnocentvicti;theyercifulheavenforgive

    theheirsinsyea;theyorethanpray;they

    selvesthest

    ore

    butiesercy

    intheirhearts

    ofurse;thecrusaderse

    differentdeofnnersfrohennbutin

    suaneashisster

    he;too;reseledashyhorse;easilyfrightenedbya

    shadoandfaithful

    servicebutliabletorunaagewhen

    hisfeverishiginationsa

    injudgingthesegoodpeople;hoeer

    theterribledisadvantagesunderheylived

    theyivilisedpeople

    perors;

    buttheyhadaslittlereselananeeror

    sayaugustusorrcusaureliusas‘‘kingba

    baoftheuppegohastothehighlyeducatedrulers

    ofsarktheyidst

    gloriousruinsbutsharethebenefitsofthe

    civilisationheirfathersandgrandfathershaddestroyed

    theykneosteveryfact

    odaytheyogo

    toonesinglebookforalltheirinfortionthathe

    biblebutthosepartsofthebiblehe

    historyofthehunraceforthebetterarethosechaptersof

    theneentorallessonsof

    love;y;

    zoology;botany;geotryandalltheothersciences;thevenerable

    bookisnotentirelyreliableinthethcentury;a

    sendbookediaevallibrar
………………………………

第42节

    y;thegreat

    encyclopaediaofusefulknopiledbyaristotle;the

    greekphilosopherofthefourthcenturybeforechristwhy

    thechristianchurchshouldhavebeenoacrdsuch

    highhonorstotheteacherofalexanderthegreat;whereas

    theyndeedallothergreekphilosophersonacuntof

    theirheathenishdoctrines;ireallydonotknonextto

    thebible;aristotleheonlyreliableteacher

    othehandsoftrue

    christians

    hiseroundabout

    greecetoalexandriatheyhad

    thenbeentranslatedfrohegreekintothearabiclanguage

    bythehaedansintheseventh

    iesintospainand

    thephilosophyofthegreatstagiritearistotleiveof

    stagiraincedoniaoorishuniversities

    ofrdovathearabictexthentranslatedintolatin

    bythechristianstudentshepyreneestoget

    aliberaleduuous

    bookslasttaughtatthedifferentschoolsofnorthe

    europeitadeitall

    thereinteresting

    ostbrilliant

    noftheddleagesnotooexplainallthings

    bethintheirrelationtotheexpressed

    en;thesocalledscholastsor

    sen;elligent;buttheyhadobtained

    theirinfortionexactual

    observationiftheyedtolectureonthesturgeon

    oroncaterpillars;theyreadtheoldandneentsand

    aristotle;andtoldtheirstudentseverythingthesegoodbooks

    hadtosayuponthesubjectofcaterpillarsandsturgeons

    theydidnotgoouttothenearestrivertocatchasturgeon

    theydidnotleavetheirlibrariesandrepairtothebackyard

    tocatchafealsandstudy

    thentheiativehauntsevensuchfausscholarsas

    albertusgnusandthosaquinasdidnotinquireher

    thesturgeonsinthelandofpalestineandthecaterpillarsof

    ightnothavebeendifferentfrohesturgeons

    andthecaterpillarsofeeurope

    ionallycuriouspersonlike

    rogerbanappearedintheunciloftheleaedandbegan

    toexperintagnifyingglassesandfunnylittletelespes

    andactuallydraggedthesturgenandthecaterpillar

    intotheleandprovedthatthey

    froheentandby

    aristotle;thesenshooktheirdignifiedheadsban

    oofarosuggestthatanhour

    ofactualobservationorethantenyearsh

    aristotleandthattheousgreekghtas

    aineduntranslatedforallthegoodtheyhadever

    done;thescholastsanis

    adangertothesafetyofthestatehesustostudy

    greekthatayreadaristotleintheoriginalwhyshould

    henotbententedhourlatinarabictranslationh

    hassatisfiedourfaithfulpeopleforsonyhundredyears

    theinsidesoffishesandtheinsides

    ofinsectsheisprobablyaagiciantryingtoupset

    theestablishedorderofthingsbyhisblackgicandso

    heypleadtheircausethatthefrightenedguardians

    ofthepeaceforbadebantoore

    thantenyearsedhisstudieshehadleaed

    alessonheadeit

    iossibleforhisnteorariestoreadtheatrickh

    beeredesperateinits

    attetstopreventpeoplefroskingquestionshwould

    leadtodoubtsandinfidelity

    this;hodoneoutofanyo

    keeppeopleignorantthefeelingptedtheheretic

    huntersofthatdayly

    believednay;theyknehatthislifethepreparation

    forourrealexistenceinthenextnvinced

    thattoochknoadepeopleunfortable;

    filledtheidshdangerousopinionsandledtodoubt

    andhenediaevalsanwhosawone

    ofhispupilsstrayatherevealedauthorityofthe

    bibleandaristotle;thatheghtstudythingsforhielf;felt

    asunfortableasalovingtherhild

    approachahotstovesheknohathetle

    fingersifheisallo

    back;ifnecessarysheshereallyloves

    thechildandifhe

    asshepossiblycanbeinthesaediaevalguardians

    ofpeoplessouls;atters

    pertainingtothefaith;slaveddayandnighttorenderthe

    greatestpossibleservieersoftheirflockthey

    heldoutahelpinghandheyuldandthesociety

    ofthatdayshoenand

    piousenakethefateoftheaveragertal

    asbearableaspossible

    aserfion

    thegoodlordoftheddleagesheserfto

    reinaslaveallhislifehadbestortalsoulupon

    thishuleustbeprotectedinhis

    rights;thatheghtliveanddieasagoodchristianwhen

    hegreustbetakencare

    ofbythefeudalsterforhehadheserf;

    therefore;onotonousanddrearylife;wasnever

    hauntedbyfearoftorrohathewas‘‘safe

    thatheuldnotbethroploynt;thathewould

    al

    roofallthesa;andthatheething

    toeat

    thisfeelingof‘‘stabilityandof‘‘safetywasfoundinall

    classesofsocietyinthetoerchantsandtheartisans

    establishedguildseerofasteadyine

    itdidnotenuragetheaitioustodobetterthan

    theieighbourstoooftentheguildsgaveprotectionto

    the‘‘slackeranagedto‘‘getbybuttheyestablished

    ageneralfeelingofntentandassuranceangthe

    labouringclassessinourdayofgeneral

    petitiontheddleagesiliarhthedangers

    ofodepeoplecall‘‘ers;h

    ngetsholdofalltheavailablegrainorsoaporpickled

    h
………………………………

第43节

    erring;andthenforcesthehithisown

    pricetheauthorities;therefore;disuragedrading

    andregulatedthepriceaterchantswereallowed

    toselltheirgoods

    theddleagesdislikedpetitionpeteand

    filltheultitudeofpushing

    n;enthand;when

    richesfoothingandhegoodserfwould

    enterthegoldengatesofheavenhebadknightwas

    senttodopenanceinthedeepestpitofinfeo

    inshort;thepeopleoftheddleagesosurrender

    partoftheirlibertyofthoughtandaction;thatthey

    ghtenjoygreatersafetyfroovertyofthebodyandpoverty

    ofthesoul

    andhaveryfeions;theydidnotobjectthey

    firybelievedthattheyerevisitorsuponthispla

    thattheyore

    iortantlifedeliberatelytheytuedtheirbacksupona

    hsufferingandkednessand

    injusticetheypulleddoheblindsthattheraysofthe

    sunghtnotdistrathatchapterinthe

    apocalypseofthatheavenlylighthwas

    toilluheirhappinessinalleteitytheytriedtoclose

    theireyestostofthejoysoftheheylived

    thattheyghtenjoythoseinthenear

    futuretheyacceptedlifeasanecessaryevilanded

    deathasthebeginningofagloriousday

    thegreeksandtheronshadneverbotheredaboutthe

    futurebuthadtriedtoestablishtheirparadiserighthereupon

    thisearththeyhadsucceededinkinglifeextrelypleasant

    forthoseoftheirfelloenhappentobe

    slavestheneoftheddleages;

    anbuilthielfaparadisebeyondthehighestclouds

    andtuedthisoavaleoftearsforhighandlow;

    forribitwas

    tiforthependuluosheotherdirection;as

    ishalltellyouinnextchapter

    diaevaltrade

    hooredethe

    diterraneanabusycentreof

    tradeandhohecitiesofthe

    italianpeninsulabecathegreat

    distributingerce

    hasiaandafrica

    therehreegoodreasonsheitaliancitiesshould

    havebeenthefirsttoregainapositionofgreatiortance

    duringthelateddleagestheitalianpeninsulahadbeen

    settledbyroataveryearlydatetherehadbeenre

    roadsandretooreschoolsthananywhereelse

    ineurope

    thebarbarianshadbuedaslustilyinitalyaselsewhere;

    buttherehadbeensoorehadbeenable

    tosurviveinthesendplace;thepopelivedinitalyand

    astheheadofavastpoliticalchine;hownedlandand

    serfsandbuildingsandforestsandriversandnductedurts

    oflaoney

    thepapalauthoritieshadtobepaidingoldandsilverasdid

    therchantsandshipohe

    heeggsandthehorsesandalltheotheragricultural

    productsofthenorthandtheustbechangedintoactual

    e

    thisdeitalytheoneuntryparative

    abundanceofgoldandsilverfinally;duringthecrusades;

    theitalianbarkation

    fortheostunbelievable

    extent

    andafterthee

    italiancitiesreinedthedistributingcentresforthoseoriental

    goodsupoodepend

    duringthetitheyhadspentintheneareast

    ofthesetoousasvenicevenicewas

    arepubliudbankthitherpeoplefrohe

    inlandhadfledduringtheinvasionsofthebarbariansinthe

    fourthcenturysurroundedonallsidesbytheseatheyhad

    engagedinthebusinessofsaltkingsalthadbeenvery

    scarceduringtheddleages;andthepricehadbeenhigh

    forhundredsofyearsvenionopolyof

    thisindispensabletabledityisayindispensable;because

    people;likesheep;fallillunlesstheygetacertainaunt

    ofsaltintheirfoodthepeoplehadusedthisnopolyto

    increasethepoestheyhadevendared

    todefythepohepopesthetohand

    hadbeguntobuildships;radehthe

    orientduringthecrusades;theseshipsocarry

    passengerstotheholyland;andhepassengersuld

    notpayfortheirticketsincash;theyohelpthe

    veiansheirloniesinthe

    aegeansea;inasianorandinegypt

    bytheendofthefourteenthcentury;thepopulationhad

    groadevenicethebiggest

    iddleagesthepeoplehoutinfluence

    uponthegoventheprivateaffairofa

    sllnuerofrichrchantfaliestheyelectedasenate

    andadogeorduke;buttheactualrulersofthecitywere

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