theelvespartofthegeneralscheofthings;hincluded
eerorsandserfs;popesandheretics;heroesandsklers;
rien;beggaandthievestheyaccepted
thisdivineordinanceandaskednoquestionsinthis;
ofurse;theydifferedradiodepeople
nothingandprovetheirown
financialandpoliticalsituation
tothenandanofthethirteenthcentury;theworld
hereafteraheavenofstone
andsufferingantsothingrethanetywords
orvaguetheologicalphrasesitualfactandthe
diaevalburghersandknightsspentthegreaterpartoftheir
tipreparingforitodepeopleregardanoble
deathafteralifeoftheancient
greeksandronsafterthreesreyearsof;
osleephthefeelingthatallwillbewell
butduringtheddleages;thekingofterrorsh
hisgrinningskullandhisrattlingbonesanssteady
panionhesuphterribletunesonhis
siled
attheroehindtreesandshrubsheytookagirl
outforahingbuthairraising
yasaboutceteriesandffinsandfearfuldiseaseswhen
youeadoflisteningtothefairystories
ofandersonandgri;you;too;wouldhavelivedallyour
daysinadreadofthefinalhourandthegruesodayof
judgntthatisexactlyhappenedtothechildrenof
theddleagestheyvedinaworldofdevilsandspooks
andonlyafeetis;theirfearof
thefuturefilledtheirsoulsilityandpiety;butoften
itinfluencrueland
sentintaltheyurderalltheen
andchildrenofacapturedcityandthentheyly
rchtoaholyspotandhtheirhandsgoryhtheblood
ofinnocentvicti;theyercifulheavenforgive
theheirsinsyea;theyorethanpray;they
selvesthest
ore
butiesercy
intheirhearts
ofurse;thecrusaderse
differentdeofnnersfrohennbutin
suaneashisster
he;too;reseledashyhorse;easilyfrightenedbya
shadoandfaithful
servicebutliabletorunaagewhen
hisfeverishiginationsa
injudgingthesegoodpeople;hoeer
theterribledisadvantagesunderheylived
theyivilisedpeople
perors;
buttheyhadaslittlereselananeeror
sayaugustusorrcusaureliusas‘‘kingba
baoftheuppegohastothehighlyeducatedrulers
ofsarktheyidst
gloriousruinsbutsharethebenefitsofthe
civilisationheirfathersandgrandfathershaddestroyed
theykneosteveryfact
odaytheyogo
toonesinglebookforalltheirinfortionthathe
biblebutthosepartsofthebiblehe
historyofthehunraceforthebetterarethosechaptersof
theneentorallessonsof
love;y;
zoology;botany;geotryandalltheothersciences;thevenerable
bookisnotentirelyreliableinthethcentury;a
sendbookediaevallibrar
………………………………
第42节
y;thegreat
encyclopaediaofusefulknopiledbyaristotle;the
greekphilosopherofthefourthcenturybeforechristwhy
thechristianchurchshouldhavebeenoacrdsuch
highhonorstotheteacherofalexanderthegreat;whereas
theyndeedallothergreekphilosophersonacuntof
theirheathenishdoctrines;ireallydonotknonextto
thebible;aristotleheonlyreliableteacher
othehandsoftrue
christians
hiseroundabout
greecetoalexandriatheyhad
thenbeentranslatedfrohegreekintothearabiclanguage
bythehaedansintheseventh
iesintospainand
thephilosophyofthegreatstagiritearistotleiveof
stagiraincedoniaoorishuniversities
ofrdovathearabictexthentranslatedintolatin
bythechristianstudentshepyreneestoget
aliberaleduuous
bookslasttaughtatthedifferentschoolsofnorthe
europeitadeitall
thereinteresting
ostbrilliant
noftheddleagesnotooexplainallthings
bethintheirrelationtotheexpressed
en;thesocalledscholastsor
sen;elligent;buttheyhadobtained
theirinfortionexactual
observationiftheyedtolectureonthesturgeon
oroncaterpillars;theyreadtheoldandneentsand
aristotle;andtoldtheirstudentseverythingthesegoodbooks
hadtosayuponthesubjectofcaterpillarsandsturgeons
theydidnotgoouttothenearestrivertocatchasturgeon
theydidnotleavetheirlibrariesandrepairtothebackyard
tocatchafealsandstudy
thentheiativehauntsevensuchfausscholarsas
albertusgnusandthosaquinasdidnotinquireher
thesturgeonsinthelandofpalestineandthecaterpillarsof
ightnothavebeendifferentfrohesturgeons
andthecaterpillarsofeeurope
ionallycuriouspersonlike
rogerbanappearedintheunciloftheleaedandbegan
toexperintagnifyingglassesandfunnylittletelespes
andactuallydraggedthesturgenandthecaterpillar
intotheleandprovedthatthey
froheentandby
aristotle;thesenshooktheirdignifiedheadsban
oofarosuggestthatanhour
ofactualobservationorethantenyearsh
aristotleandthattheousgreekghtas
aineduntranslatedforallthegoodtheyhadever
done;thescholastsanis
adangertothesafetyofthestatehesustostudy
greekthatayreadaristotleintheoriginalwhyshould
henotbententedhourlatinarabictranslationh
hassatisfiedourfaithfulpeopleforsonyhundredyears
theinsidesoffishesandtheinsides
ofinsectsheisprobablyaagiciantryingtoupset
theestablishedorderofthingsbyhisblackgicandso
heypleadtheircausethatthefrightenedguardians
ofthepeaceforbadebantoore
thantenyearsedhisstudieshehadleaed
alessonheadeit
iossibleforhisnteorariestoreadtheatrickh
beeredesperateinits
attetstopreventpeoplefroskingquestionshwould
leadtodoubtsandinfidelity
this;hodoneoutofanyo
keeppeopleignorantthefeelingptedtheheretic
huntersofthatdayly
believednay;theyknehatthislifethepreparation
forourrealexistenceinthenextnvinced
thattoochknoadepeopleunfortable;
filledtheidshdangerousopinionsandledtodoubt
andhenediaevalsanwhosawone
ofhispupilsstrayatherevealedauthorityofthe
bibleandaristotle;thatheghtstudythingsforhielf;felt
asunfortableasalovingtherhild
approachahotstovesheknohathetle
fingersifheisallo
back;ifnecessarysheshereallyloves
thechildandifhe
asshepossiblycanbeinthesaediaevalguardians
ofpeoplessouls;atters
pertainingtothefaith;slaveddayandnighttorenderthe
greatestpossibleservieersoftheirflockthey
heldoutahelpinghandheyuldandthesociety
ofthatdayshoenand
piousenakethefateoftheaveragertal
asbearableaspossible
aserfion
thegoodlordoftheddleagesheserfto
reinaslaveallhislifehadbestortalsoulupon
thishuleustbeprotectedinhis
rights;thatheghtliveanddieasagoodchristianwhen
hegreustbetakencare
ofbythefeudalsterforhehadheserf;
therefore;onotonousanddrearylife;wasnever
hauntedbyfearoftorrohathewas‘‘safe
thatheuldnotbethroploynt;thathewould
al
roofallthesa;andthatheething
toeat
thisfeelingof‘‘stabilityandof‘‘safetywasfoundinall
classesofsocietyinthetoerchantsandtheartisans
establishedguildseerofasteadyine
itdidnotenuragetheaitioustodobetterthan
theieighbourstoooftentheguildsgaveprotectionto
the‘‘slackeranagedto‘‘getbybuttheyestablished
ageneralfeelingofntentandassuranceangthe
labouringclassessinourdayofgeneral
petitiontheddleagesiliarhthedangers
ofodepeoplecall‘‘ers;h
ngetsholdofalltheavailablegrainorsoaporpickled
h
………………………………
第43节
erring;andthenforcesthehithisown
pricetheauthorities;therefore;disuragedrading
andregulatedthepriceaterchantswereallowed
toselltheirgoods
theddleagesdislikedpetitionpeteand
filltheultitudeofpushing
n;enthand;when
richesfoothingandhegoodserfwould
enterthegoldengatesofheavenhebadknightwas
senttodopenanceinthedeepestpitofinfeo
inshort;thepeopleoftheddleagesosurrender
partoftheirlibertyofthoughtandaction;thatthey
ghtenjoygreatersafetyfroovertyofthebodyandpoverty
ofthesoul
andhaveryfeions;theydidnotobjectthey
firybelievedthattheyerevisitorsuponthispla
thattheyore
iortantlifedeliberatelytheytuedtheirbacksupona
hsufferingandkednessand
injusticetheypulleddoheblindsthattheraysofthe
sunghtnotdistrathatchapterinthe
apocalypseofthatheavenlylighthwas
toilluheirhappinessinalleteitytheytriedtoclose
theireyestostofthejoysoftheheylived
thattheyghtenjoythoseinthenear
futuretheyacceptedlifeasanecessaryevilanded
deathasthebeginningofagloriousday
thegreeksandtheronshadneverbotheredaboutthe
futurebuthadtriedtoestablishtheirparadiserighthereupon
thisearththeyhadsucceededinkinglifeextrelypleasant
forthoseoftheirfelloenhappentobe
slavestheneoftheddleages;
anbuilthielfaparadisebeyondthehighestclouds
andtuedthisoavaleoftearsforhighandlow;
forribitwas
tiforthependuluosheotherdirection;as
ishalltellyouinnextchapter
diaevaltrade
hooredethe
diterraneanabusycentreof
tradeandhohecitiesofthe
italianpeninsulabecathegreat
distributingerce
hasiaandafrica
therehreegoodreasonsheitaliancitiesshould
havebeenthefirsttoregainapositionofgreatiortance
duringthelateddleagestheitalianpeninsulahadbeen
settledbyroataveryearlydatetherehadbeenre
roadsandretooreschoolsthananywhereelse
ineurope
thebarbarianshadbuedaslustilyinitalyaselsewhere;
buttherehadbeensoorehadbeenable
tosurviveinthesendplace;thepopelivedinitalyand
astheheadofavastpoliticalchine;hownedlandand
serfsandbuildingsandforestsandriversandnductedurts
oflaoney
thepapalauthoritieshadtobepaidingoldandsilverasdid
therchantsandshipohe
heeggsandthehorsesandalltheotheragricultural
productsofthenorthandtheustbechangedintoactual
e
thisdeitalytheoneuntryparative
abundanceofgoldandsilverfinally;duringthecrusades;
theitalianbarkation
fortheostunbelievable
extent
andafterthee
italiancitiesreinedthedistributingcentresforthoseoriental
goodsupoodepend
duringthetitheyhadspentintheneareast
ofthesetoousasvenicevenicewas
arepubliudbankthitherpeoplefrohe
inlandhadfledduringtheinvasionsofthebarbariansinthe
fourthcenturysurroundedonallsidesbytheseatheyhad
engagedinthebusinessofsaltkingsalthadbeenvery
scarceduringtheddleages;andthepricehadbeenhigh
forhundredsofyearsvenionopolyof
thisindispensabletabledityisayindispensable;because
people;likesheep;fallillunlesstheygetacertainaunt
ofsaltintheirfoodthepeoplehadusedthisnopolyto
increasethepoestheyhadevendared
todefythepohepopesthetohand
hadbeguntobuildships;radehthe
orientduringthecrusades;theseshipsocarry
passengerstotheholyland;andhepassengersuld
notpayfortheirticketsincash;theyohelpthe
veiansheirloniesinthe
aegeansea;inasianorandinegypt
bytheendofthefourteenthcentury;thepopulationhad
groadevenicethebiggest
iddleagesthepeoplehoutinfluence
uponthegoventheprivateaffairofa
sllnuerofrichrchantfaliestheyelectedasenate
andadogeorduke;buttheactualrulersofthecitywere
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