《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第13部分


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    theirfathershadbeengoodfriendstheybe

    unreasonableintheirdendsverywellhislordships

    clerk;ankeandkeepacunts;sentanote

    tothebestknoerallloanthe

    toetintheofthejeade

    and

    theyuldnoto

    askfor‘‘interestinthefirstplace;itthe

    religiousprinostpeopletotakeinterestandinthe

    sendplace;itinagricultural

    productsandofthesethepeoplehadenoughandtospare

    ‘‘but;suggestedthetailorhisdaysquietlysitting

    uponhistableandeofaphilosopher;

    ‘‘supposethatefavourinretuforouey

    hislordshipletus

    fishinhisbrooksupposethathaveahundred

    ducatsandthathegiveusinretuatenguaranteeallowing

    ustofishallinallofhisriversthenhegets

    thehundredthefishanditwillbe

    goodbusinessallaround

    thedayhislordshipaed

    suchaneasytingahundredgoldpieceshesigned

    thedeathofhisohe

    agreenthislordshipdehisrkforheuldnot

    signhisnaanddepartedfortheeastter

    hecaback;deadbrokethetownspeoplewerefishingin

    thecastlepondthesightofthissilentrowofanglersannoyed

    hislordshiphetoldhisequerrytogoandchasethecrowd

    aerchants

    visitedthecastletheyetheyngratulated

    hislordshipuponhissaferetutheyweresorryhis

    lordshiphadbeenannoyedbythefishe;butashislordship

    ghtperhapsreerhehadgiventheerssion

    todosohielf;andthetailorproducedthecharterh

    hadbeenkeptinthesafeofthejeaster

    hadgootheholyland

    hislordshipuorehewas

    indireneedofsoneyinitalyhehadsignedhisna

    toentshepossessionofsalvestro

    deidici;theents

    issorynotesandtheyonthsfrobr 》

    datetheirtotalauntcatothreehundredandforty

    pounds;fleshgoldunderthesecircutances;thenoble

    knightuldnotherageand

    hisproudsoulinstead;hesuggestedanotherlittleloanthe

    ratter

    afterthreedaystheycabackandsaid‘‘yesthey

    asterinhis

    difficulties;butinretuforthe345goldenpoundswouldhegive

    thenotheriseanothercharterthatthey;

    thetoightestablishaunciloftheiroobe

    electedbyalltherchantsandfreecitizensofthecity;said

    unciltonagecivicaffairsthe

    sideofthecastle

    hislordshipagain;

    heneededtheneyhesaidyes;andsignedthecharter

    nextedhecalledhissoldiersandto

    thehouseofthejeentsh

    hisunderthepressure

    ofa

    thetooodbyandsaidnothingbut

    hislordshipneededneytopayforthedoer

    heogetasinglepennyafterthatlittle

    affairatthejensideredgood

    heblepieandoffertokecertainreparations

    beforehislordshipgotthefirstinstallntofthestipulatedsu

    thetooreinpossessionofalltheiroldcharters

    andabrandneittedtheobuilda‘‘cityhall

    andastrongtoightbekeptprotected

    againstfireandtheft;eantprotectedagainst

    futureviolenedfollowers

    this;inaverygeneralhappenedduringthe

    centurieshecrusadesitess;

    thisgradualshiftingofpothecastletothecitythere

    efightingafeailorsandjewellerswerekilledand

    afeokebutsuchoccurrenceswere

    notnalstierceptiblythetoher

    andthefeudallordsgreaintaintheelves

    theyoexchangechartersofcivicliberty

    inretuforreadycashthecitiesgreheyofferedan

    asyluorunaheirlibertyafterthey

    hadlivedanuerofyearsbehindthecitye

    tobethehoofthereenergeticelentsofthe

    surroundinguntrydistrictstheywereproudof

    theieportanceandexpressedtheirpohe

    churchesandpublicbuildingsheyerected

    aroundtheoldrketplace;uriesbefore

    thebarterofeggsandsheepandhoneyandsalt

    hadtakenplacetheyedtheirchildrento

    haveabetterchanceinlifethantheyhadenjoyed

    theelvestheyhirednkstoetotheircityand

    beschoolteachersanould

    paintpicturesuponboardsofapension

    ifheeandvertheheirchapelsandtheir

    totheholyscriptures

    anhedrearyanddraftyhallsof

    hiscastle;sahisupstartsplendourandregrettedthe

    dayhehadsignedawayasingleoneofhissovereign

    rightsandprerogativesbutheownspeople

    htheirrongboxessnappedtheirfingers

    athitheyen;fullypreparedtoholdthey

    hadgainedbythesoftheirbroerastruggle

    orethantengenerations

    diaevalselfgovent

    hohepeopleofthecitiesasserted

    theirrighttobeheardinthe

    royaluncilsoftheiruntry

    aslongaspeopleads;ribesofshepherds;

    allnhadbeenequalandhadbeenresponsibleforthe
………………………………

第40节

    nity

    butaftertheyhadsettleddoehadbeerich

    andothershadgroenttofallinto

    thehandsofthoseobligedtoheirliving

    andselvestopolitics

    ihavetoldyouhohishadhappenedinegyptandin

    sopotaaandingreeong

    thegeicpopulationofeeuropeassoonasorder

    hadbeenrestoredtheeeuropeanworldwasruled

    inthefirstplacebyaneeroredbytheseven

    oreightstiortantkingsofthevastroneireof

    thegenationandaginary

    andverylittleactualpoberof

    kingsent

    hehandsofthousandsoffeudalprinceletstheir

    subjectssorserfsthereiesthere

    iddleclassbutduringthethirteenthcentury

    afteranabsenostathousandyearstheddle

    oreappeareduponthehis

    toricalstageanditsriseinpohelastchapter;

    hadantadecreaseintheinfluenceofthecastlefolk

    thusfar;theking;inrulinghisdoins;hadonlypaid

    attentiontotheenandhisbishopsbutthe

    nerceofthe

    toregnisetheddleclassorsuffer

    froneverincreasingetinessofhisexchequertheir

    jestiesiftheyhadfolloheirhiddenwisheswould

    haveasliefnsultedtheirheirpigsasthegood

    burghersoftheirselves

    theyshebitterpillbecauseitnot

    houtastruggle

    inengland;duringtheabsenceofrichardthelion

    heartedotheholyland;butwhowasspending

    thegreaterpartofhiscrusadingvoyageinanaustrian

    jailthegoventoftheuntryhadbeenplacedinthe

    handsofjohn;abrotherofrichard;whowashisinferiorin

    theartofinistratorjohnhad

    begunhisandyandthe

    greaterpartofthefrenanaged

    togetintoaquarrelous

    eneofthehohenstaufensthepopehadexnicated

    johnasgregoryviihadexnicatedtheeeror

    henryivturiesbeforeintheyear1213johnhad

    beenobligedtokeanignoniouspeacejustashenryiv

    hadbeenobligedtodointheyear1077

    undisyedbyhislackofsuccess;johnntinuedtoabuse

    hisroyalpoadeaprisoner

    oftheiranointedrulerandforisethathe

    erferehtheancient

    rightsofhissubjectsallthishappenedonalittleislandin

    thethas;nearthevillageofrunnyde;onthe15thof

    juneoftheyear1215thedocunttohjohnsigned

    hisnaagnacartait

    ntainedverylittlethatrestatedinshortand

    direerated

    theprivilegesofhisvassalsitpaidlittleattentiontothe

    rightsifanyofthevastjorityofthepeople;thepeasants;

    butitofferedcertainsecuritiestotherisingclassofthe

    rchantsitportancebecauseitdefined

    thepooreprecisionthanhadeverbeen

    donebeforebutitediaevaldocuntit

    didnotrefertonhunbeings;unlesstheyhappenedto

    bethepropertyofthevassal;ustbesafeguarded

    againstroyaltyrannyjustasthebaronialows

    ectedagainstanexcessofzealonthepartofthe

    royalforesters

    afeer;hoohearaverydifferent

    noteintheunajesty

    john;nly

    hadprosedtoobeythegreatcharterandthenhadbroken

    everyoneofitsnystipulationsfortunately;hesoondied

    ando

    regnisethecharteraneeanhe

    oneyandthe

    kingightpayhis

    obligationstothejeoneylendersthelargelandowners

    andthebishopsedasuncillorstothekinguld

    notprovidehithenecessarygoldandsilvertheking

    thengaveordersthatafeativesofthecitiesbe

    calledupontoattendthesessionsofhisgreatuncilthey

    detheirfirstappearanceintheyear1265theyweresupposed

    toactonlyasfinancialexpertssupposed

    totakeapartinthegeneraldisattersofstate;but

    togiveadviceexclusivelyuponthequestionoftaxation

    gradually;hons

    anyoftheprobleandtheeting

    ofnoblen;bishopsandcitydelegatesdevelopedintoaregular

    parliant;aplace‘‘oulonparfait;eansinenglish

    portantaffairsofstatewere

    decidedupon

    buttheinstitutionofsuchageneraladvisoryboardh

    certainexecutivepoanenglishinvention;as

    seetokethegeneralbelief;andgoventbya‘‘kingand

    hisparlianteansrestrictedtothebritishisles

    youeuntries;

    likefrance;therapidincreaseoftheroyalpoerthe

    ddleagesreduenttonothing

    intheyear1302representativesofthecitieshadbeen

    adttedtotheetingofthefrenchparliant;butfive

    entrong

    enoughtoasserttherightsoftheddleclass;thesocalled

    thirdestate;andbreakthepohekingthenthey

    deupforlosttiandduringthefrenchrevolution;abolished

    theking;theadetherepresentatives

    ofthenpeopletherulersofthelandin

    spainthe‘‘rtexthekingsuncilhadbeenopenedtothe

    nersasearlyasthefirsthalfofthethcentury

    inthegerineire;anuerofiortantcitieshadobtained

    therankof‘‘ierialcitiesust

    beheardintheierialdiet

    insativesofthepeopleattendedthesessions

    oftheriksdagatthefirstetingoftheyear1359in

    denrkthedaneholf;theanbly;wasre

    establishedin1314;and;althoughthenoblesoftenregainedntrol

    ofth
………………………………

第41节

    euntryattheexpenseofthekingandthepeople;

    therepresentativesofthecitiespletelydeprived

    oftheirpower

    inthescandinavianuntry;thestoryofrepresentative

    goventisparticularlyinterestinginiceland;the‘‘althing;

    theasselyofallfreelandoanagedthe

    affairsoftheisland;begantoholdregularetingsintheninth

    orethanathousand

    years

    insenofthedifferentcantonsdefended

    theirasseliesagainsttheattetsofanuerof

    feudalneighbourshgreatsuccess

    finally;inthelories;inholland;theuncilsof

    thedifferentduchiesanduntiestendedbyrepresentatives

    ofthethirdestateasearlyasthethirteenthcentury

    inthesixteenthallprovinces

    rebelledagainsttheirking;abjuredhisjestyinasole

    etingofthe‘‘estatesgeneral;revedtheclergyfrobr 》

    thediscussions;brokethepoedfull

    executiveauthorityovertheneablishedrepublifthe

    unitedsevenherlandsforturies;therepresentatives

    ofthetoheuntryhoutaking;

    enthecityhadbee

    supreandthegoodburghershadbeetherulersofthe

    land

    thediaevalworld

    iddleages

    thoughtoftheh

    theyhappenedtolive

    datesareaveryusefulinventiondohout

    theutunlessheyricks

    akehistorytoopreple;

    ediaevaln;i

    donotanthatonthe31stofdeceeroftheyear476;

    suddenlyallthepeopleofeuropesaid;‘‘ah;noan

    eirehasetoanendandiddle

    ageshoeresting

    youuldhavefoundnatthefrankishurtofcharlegne

    ansintheirhabits;intheiners;in

    theiroutlookuponlifeontheotherhand;whenyougrow

    upyoueofthepeopleinthisworldhave

    neverpassedbeyondthestageofthecavenalltis

    andallagesoverlap;andtheideasofsucceedinggenerations

    playtaginds

    ofagoodnytruerepresentativesoftheddleagesand

    thengiveyouanideaoftheaveragensattitudetoward

    lifeandthenydiffisofliving

    firstofall;reerthatthepeopleoftheddleages

    neverthoughtoftheelvesasfreebocitizens;ould

    eandgoatheirfateacrdingtotheir

    abilityorenergyorluckonthentrary;theyallnsidered

    theelvespartofthegeneralscheofthings;hincluded

    eerorsandserfs;popesandheretics;h
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