theirfathershadbeengoodfriendstheybe
unreasonableintheirdendsverywellhislordships
clerk;ankeandkeepacunts;sentanote
tothebestknoerallloanthe
toetintheofthejeade
and
theyuldnoto
askfor‘‘interestinthefirstplace;itthe
religiousprinostpeopletotakeinterestandinthe
sendplace;itinagricultural
productsandofthesethepeoplehadenoughandtospare
‘‘but;suggestedthetailorhisdaysquietlysitting
uponhistableandeofaphilosopher;
‘‘supposethatefavourinretuforouey
hislordshipletus
fishinhisbrooksupposethathaveahundred
ducatsandthathegiveusinretuatenguaranteeallowing
ustofishallinallofhisriversthenhegets
thehundredthefishanditwillbe
goodbusinessallaround
thedayhislordshipaed
suchaneasytingahundredgoldpieceshesigned
thedeathofhisohe
agreenthislordshipdehisrkforheuldnot
signhisnaanddepartedfortheeastter
hecaback;deadbrokethetownspeoplewerefishingin
thecastlepondthesightofthissilentrowofanglersannoyed
hislordshiphetoldhisequerrytogoandchasethecrowd
aerchants
visitedthecastletheyetheyngratulated
hislordshipuponhissaferetutheyweresorryhis
lordshiphadbeenannoyedbythefishe;butashislordship
ghtperhapsreerhehadgiventheerssion
todosohielf;andthetailorproducedthecharterh
hadbeenkeptinthesafeofthejeaster
hadgootheholyland
hislordshipuorehewas
indireneedofsoneyinitalyhehadsignedhisna
toentshepossessionofsalvestro
deidici;theents
issorynotesandtheyonthsfrobr 》
datetheirtotalauntcatothreehundredandforty
pounds;fleshgoldunderthesecircutances;thenoble
knightuldnotherageand
hisproudsoulinstead;hesuggestedanotherlittleloanthe
ratter
afterthreedaystheycabackandsaid‘‘yesthey
asterinhis
difficulties;butinretuforthe345goldenpoundswouldhegive
thenotheriseanothercharterthatthey;
thetoightestablishaunciloftheiroobe
electedbyalltherchantsandfreecitizensofthecity;said
unciltonagecivicaffairsthe
sideofthecastle
hislordshipagain;
heneededtheneyhesaidyes;andsignedthecharter
nextedhecalledhissoldiersandto
thehouseofthejeentsh
hisunderthepressure
ofa
thetooodbyandsaidnothingbut
hislordshipneededneytopayforthedoer
heogetasinglepennyafterthatlittle
affairatthejensideredgood
heblepieandoffertokecertainreparations
beforehislordshipgotthefirstinstallntofthestipulatedsu
thetooreinpossessionofalltheiroldcharters
andabrandneittedtheobuilda‘‘cityhall
andastrongtoightbekeptprotected
againstfireandtheft;eantprotectedagainst
futureviolenedfollowers
this;inaverygeneralhappenedduringthe
centurieshecrusadesitess;
thisgradualshiftingofpothecastletothecitythere
efightingafeailorsandjewellerswerekilledand
afeokebutsuchoccurrenceswere
notnalstierceptiblythetoher
andthefeudallordsgreaintaintheelves
theyoexchangechartersofcivicliberty
inretuforreadycashthecitiesgreheyofferedan
asyluorunaheirlibertyafterthey
hadlivedanuerofyearsbehindthecitye
tobethehoofthereenergeticelentsofthe
surroundinguntrydistrictstheywereproudof
theieportanceandexpressedtheirpohe
churchesandpublicbuildingsheyerected
aroundtheoldrketplace;uriesbefore
thebarterofeggsandsheepandhoneyandsalt
hadtakenplacetheyedtheirchildrento
haveabetterchanceinlifethantheyhadenjoyed
theelvestheyhirednkstoetotheircityand
beschoolteachersanould
paintpicturesuponboardsofapension
ifheeandvertheheirchapelsandtheir
totheholyscriptures
anhedrearyanddraftyhallsof
hiscastle;sahisupstartsplendourandregrettedthe
dayhehadsignedawayasingleoneofhissovereign
rightsandprerogativesbutheownspeople
htheirrongboxessnappedtheirfingers
athitheyen;fullypreparedtoholdthey
hadgainedbythesoftheirbroerastruggle
orethantengenerations
diaevalselfgovent
hohepeopleofthecitiesasserted
theirrighttobeheardinthe
royaluncilsoftheiruntry
aslongaspeopleads;ribesofshepherds;
allnhadbeenequalandhadbeenresponsibleforthe
………………………………
第40节
nity
butaftertheyhadsettleddoehadbeerich
andothershadgroenttofallinto
thehandsofthoseobligedtoheirliving
andselvestopolitics
ihavetoldyouhohishadhappenedinegyptandin
sopotaaandingreeong
thegeicpopulationofeeuropeassoonasorder
hadbeenrestoredtheeeuropeanworldwasruled
inthefirstplacebyaneeroredbytheseven
oreightstiortantkingsofthevastroneireof
thegenationandaginary
andverylittleactualpoberof
kingsent
hehandsofthousandsoffeudalprinceletstheir
subjectssorserfsthereiesthere
iddleclassbutduringthethirteenthcentury
afteranabsenostathousandyearstheddle
oreappeareduponthehis
toricalstageanditsriseinpohelastchapter;
hadantadecreaseintheinfluenceofthecastlefolk
thusfar;theking;inrulinghisdoins;hadonlypaid
attentiontotheenandhisbishopsbutthe
nerceofthe
toregnisetheddleclassorsuffer
froneverincreasingetinessofhisexchequertheir
jestiesiftheyhadfolloheirhiddenwisheswould
haveasliefnsultedtheirheirpigsasthegood
burghersoftheirselves
theyshebitterpillbecauseitnot
houtastruggle
inengland;duringtheabsenceofrichardthelion
heartedotheholyland;butwhowasspending
thegreaterpartofhiscrusadingvoyageinanaustrian
jailthegoventoftheuntryhadbeenplacedinthe
handsofjohn;abrotherofrichard;whowashisinferiorin
theartofinistratorjohnhad
begunhisandyandthe
greaterpartofthefrenanaged
togetintoaquarrelous
eneofthehohenstaufensthepopehadexnicated
johnasgregoryviihadexnicatedtheeeror
henryivturiesbeforeintheyear1213johnhad
beenobligedtokeanignoniouspeacejustashenryiv
hadbeenobligedtodointheyear1077
undisyedbyhislackofsuccess;johnntinuedtoabuse
hisroyalpoadeaprisoner
oftheiranointedrulerandforisethathe
erferehtheancient
rightsofhissubjectsallthishappenedonalittleislandin
thethas;nearthevillageofrunnyde;onthe15thof
juneoftheyear1215thedocunttohjohnsigned
hisnaagnacartait
ntainedverylittlethatrestatedinshortand
direerated
theprivilegesofhisvassalsitpaidlittleattentiontothe
rightsifanyofthevastjorityofthepeople;thepeasants;
butitofferedcertainsecuritiestotherisingclassofthe
rchantsitportancebecauseitdefined
thepooreprecisionthanhadeverbeen
donebeforebutitediaevaldocuntit
didnotrefertonhunbeings;unlesstheyhappenedto
bethepropertyofthevassal;ustbesafeguarded
againstroyaltyrannyjustasthebaronialows
ectedagainstanexcessofzealonthepartofthe
royalforesters
afeer;hoohearaverydifferent
noteintheunajesty
john;nly
hadprosedtoobeythegreatcharterandthenhadbroken
everyoneofitsnystipulationsfortunately;hesoondied
ando
regnisethecharteraneeanhe
oneyandthe
kingightpayhis
obligationstothejeoneylendersthelargelandowners
andthebishopsedasuncillorstothekinguld
notprovidehithenecessarygoldandsilvertheking
thengaveordersthatafeativesofthecitiesbe
calledupontoattendthesessionsofhisgreatuncilthey
detheirfirstappearanceintheyear1265theyweresupposed
toactonlyasfinancialexpertssupposed
totakeapartinthegeneraldisattersofstate;but
togiveadviceexclusivelyuponthequestionoftaxation
gradually;hons
anyoftheprobleandtheeting
ofnoblen;bishopsandcitydelegatesdevelopedintoaregular
parliant;aplace‘‘oulonparfait;eansinenglish
portantaffairsofstatewere
decidedupon
buttheinstitutionofsuchageneraladvisoryboardh
certainexecutivepoanenglishinvention;as
seetokethegeneralbelief;andgoventbya‘‘kingand
hisparlianteansrestrictedtothebritishisles
youeuntries;
likefrance;therapidincreaseoftheroyalpoerthe
ddleagesreduenttonothing
intheyear1302representativesofthecitieshadbeen
adttedtotheetingofthefrenchparliant;butfive
entrong
enoughtoasserttherightsoftheddleclass;thesocalled
thirdestate;andbreakthepohekingthenthey
deupforlosttiandduringthefrenchrevolution;abolished
theking;theadetherepresentatives
ofthenpeopletherulersofthelandin
spainthe‘‘rtexthekingsuncilhadbeenopenedtothe
nersasearlyasthefirsthalfofthethcentury
inthegerineire;anuerofiortantcitieshadobtained
therankof‘‘ierialcitiesust
beheardintheierialdiet
insativesofthepeopleattendedthesessions
oftheriksdagatthefirstetingoftheyear1359in
denrkthedaneholf;theanbly;wasre
establishedin1314;and;althoughthenoblesoftenregainedntrol
ofth
………………………………
第41节
euntryattheexpenseofthekingandthepeople;
therepresentativesofthecitiespletelydeprived
oftheirpower
inthescandinavianuntry;thestoryofrepresentative
goventisparticularlyinterestinginiceland;the‘‘althing;
theasselyofallfreelandoanagedthe
affairsoftheisland;begantoholdregularetingsintheninth
orethanathousand
years
insenofthedifferentcantonsdefended
theirasseliesagainsttheattetsofanuerof
feudalneighbourshgreatsuccess
finally;inthelories;inholland;theuncilsof
thedifferentduchiesanduntiestendedbyrepresentatives
ofthethirdestateasearlyasthethirteenthcentury
inthesixteenthallprovinces
rebelledagainsttheirking;abjuredhisjestyinasole
etingofthe‘‘estatesgeneral;revedtheclergyfrobr 》
thediscussions;brokethepoedfull
executiveauthorityovertheneablishedrepublifthe
unitedsevenherlandsforturies;therepresentatives
ofthetoheuntryhoutaking;
enthecityhadbee
supreandthegoodburghershadbeetherulersofthe
land
thediaevalworld
iddleages
thoughtoftheh
theyhappenedtolive
datesareaveryusefulinventiondohout
theutunlessheyricks
akehistorytoopreple;
ediaevaln;i
donotanthatonthe31stofdeceeroftheyear476;
suddenlyallthepeopleofeuropesaid;‘‘ah;noan
eirehasetoanendandiddle
ageshoeresting
youuldhavefoundnatthefrankishurtofcharlegne
ansintheirhabits;intheiners;in
theiroutlookuponlifeontheotherhand;whenyougrow
upyoueofthepeopleinthisworldhave
neverpassedbeyondthestageofthecavenalltis
andallagesoverlap;andtheideasofsucceedinggenerations
playtaginds
ofagoodnytruerepresentativesoftheddleagesand
thengiveyouanideaoftheaveragensattitudetoward
lifeandthenydiffisofliving
firstofall;reerthatthepeopleoftheddleages
neverthoughtoftheelvesasfreebocitizens;ould
eandgoatheirfateacrdingtotheir
abilityorenergyorluckonthentrary;theyallnsidered
theelvespartofthegeneralscheofthings;hincluded
eerorsandserfs;popesandheretics;h
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