《人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)》

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人类的故事-The Story of Mankind(英文版)- 第11部分


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    ofgunpoed‘‘chevalierofhis

    forradvantageandtheuseofrcenariesdeitiossible

    tonductabattlehthedelicatenicetiesofachess

    touanttheknightbee

    aridiculousfigure;hhisdevotiontoidealsthathadno

    longeranypracticalvalueithatthenobledon

    quixotedelanchahadbeenthelastofthetrueknights

    afterhisdeath;histrustedsourweresold

    topayhisdebts

    butsohostohavefalleninto

    thehandsofanuerofnoncarrieditduring

    thehopelessdaysofvalleyforgeitheonlydefence

    ofgordon;odesertthepeoplewhohad

    beenentrustedtohiscare;andstayedtoethisdeathinthe

    besiegedfortressofkhartou

    andiaotquitesurebutthatitprovedofinvaluable

    strengthinhegreatwar

    popevseeror

    thestrangedoubleloyaltyofthe

    peopleoftheddleagesandhow

    itledtoendlessquarrelsbetween

    thepopesandtheholyroneerors

    itisverydifficulttounderstandthepeopleofbygone

    agesyouroyouseeeveryday;isa

    steriousbeingworldofideasand

    annersiaoe

    ofyourgrandfathersoved;

    andidonotexpeeaningofie

    beroftis

    theaveragenoftheddleageslivedaverysile

    anduneventfullifeevenifheizen;ableto

    eandgoathisownneighbourhood

    thereanuscripts

    hereandthere;asllbandofindustriousnkstaught

    readingandearithticbutscienceandhistory

    andgeographylayburiedbeneaththeruinsofgreeceand

    ro

    everpeoplekhepasttheyhadleaedby

    listeningtostoriesandlegendssuation;hgoes

    froathertoson;isoftenslightlyinrrectindetails;but

    itainfactsofhistoryhastonishing

    accuracyafterrethantothersof

    indiastillfrightentheiaughtychildrenbytellingthehat

    ‘‘iskander;andiskanderisnoneotherthan

    alexanderthegreat;edindiaintheyear330before

    thebirthofchrist;butoryhaslivedthroughallthese

    ages

    thepeopleoftheearlyddleagesneversaextbook

    ofronhistorytheyanythings

    odayknoered

    thethirdgradebuttheroneire;erelya

    natoyou;sothingverychalivethey

    feltittheyhepopeastheirspiritual

    leaderbecausehelivedinroandrepresentedtheideaof

    theronsuperpoheyeful

    agne;andaftertothegreat;revived

    theideaofapireandan

    eire;thattheightagainbeasitalwayshadbeen

    butthefactthatthereheirstothe

    rontraditionplaiddle

    agesinadiffiediaeval

    politicalsysteleheworldly

    stertheeerorlookedafterthephysicalwellbeingof

    hissubjects;thespiritualsterthepopeguardedtheir

    souls

    inpractice;hohe

    eerorinvariablytriedtointerferehtheaffairsofthe

    perorhow

    heshouldrulehisdoinsthentheytoldeaind

    theirooniouslanguageandthe

    inevitableendwaswar

    underthosecircutances;hepeopletodo;

    agoodchristianobeyedboththepopeandhiskingbut

    thepopeandtheeerorieshsideshould

    adutifulsubjectandanequallydutifulchristiantake

    itogivetherrectanshe

    eerorhappenedtobeanofenergyandly

    oneytoorganiseanar;hewasvery

    apttoare;besiegethepope

    inhisooobey

    theierialinstructionsorsufferthensequences

    butrefrequentlythepop
………………………………

第35节

    ehestrongerthenthe

    eerororthekingtogetherhallhissubjectswas

    exnicatedthisantthatallchurcheshatno

    oneuldbebaptised;thatnodyingnuldbegivenabsolution

    inshort;thathalfofthefunediaevalgovent

    catoanend

    rethanthat;thepeopletheiroathof

    loyaltytotheirsovereignandorebelagainsttheir

    sterbutiftheyfollohisadviceofthedistantpope

    and;theyheiearbylege

    lordandthattoo

    indeed;thepoorfellopositionand

    nonefaredhanthosehelatterhalfof

    theeleventhany

    andpopegregoryviifoughtattleh

    deostfifty

    years

    intheddleoftheeleventhcenturytherehadbeena

    strongventforrefothechurchtheelectionofthe

    popes;thusfar;hadbeenastirregularaffairitothe

    advantageoftheholyroneerorstohaveawelldisposed

    priestelee

    toroatthetiofelectionandusedtheirinfluencefor

    thebenefitofoneoftheirfriends

    intheyear1059thishadbeenchangedbyadecreeof

    popenicholasiitheprincipalpriestsanddeansofthe

    eotheso

    inent

    churchntheeantprincipalwasgiven

    theexclusivepoingthefuturepopes

    intheyear1073thellegeofcardinalselectedapriest

    bythenaofhildebrand;thesonofverysileparentsin

    tuseofgregoryvii

    hisenergyepowers

    ofhisholyofficeuponagraniterockofnviction

    andurageinthendofgregory;thepopeonly

    theabsoluteheadofthechristianchurch;butalsothehighest

    urtofappealinallattersthepopewhohad

    elevatedsilegeprinperor

    ulddeposethetoanylawpassedby

    dukeorkingoreeror;butiona

    papaldecree;lethieentwouldbe

    serciless

    gregorysentaassadorstoalltheeuropeanurtsto

    inforhepotentatesofeuropeofhisnewlawsandasked

    theotakeduenoticeoftheitentsthenqueror

    prosedtobegood;buthenryiv;heage

    ofsixhadbeenfightinghhissubjects;hadnointentionof

    subttingtothepapalogetherallegeof

    gebishops;aeunderthe

    sunandthenhadhieposedbytheuncilofs

    thepopeansniand

    thatthegeprincesridtheelvesoftheirunhyruler

    thegeprinces;onlytoohappytoberidofhenry;asked

    thepopetoetoaugsburgandhelpthelectaneperor

    gregoryleftroandtravellednorthwardhenry;

    edthedangerofhispositionat

    allstshestkepeaceustdo

    itatonceinthedstoferhecrossedthealpsand

    hastenedtocanossahepopehadstoppedforashort

    restthreelongdays;frohe25thtothe28thofjanuary

    oftheyear1077;henry;dressedasapenitentpilgribr 》

    butsonkishgarb;

    edoutsidethegatesofthecastleofcanossa

    thenheoenterandwaspardonedfor

    hissinsbuttherepentancedidnotlastlong

    assoonashenryhadretuedtogey;hebehaved

    exaunicatedforthe

    sendtiaunanbishopsdeposedgregory;

    butthisti;healpshe

    theheadofalargear;besiegedroandforcedgregory

    toretiretosaleo;violent

    outbreakdecidednothingassoonashenrykin

    gey;thestrugglebetperorinued

    thehohenstaufenfalyperial

    gethroneshortlyafteroreindependent

    thantheirpredeedthatthe

    popesoallkingsbecausetheythepopesat

    thedayofjudgenthebehaviour

    ofallthesheepoftheirflock;andintheeyesofgod;aking

    hatfaithfulherd

    frederionlyknownasbarbarossa

    orredbeard;setuptheunterclaihattheeire

    hadbeenbestoself

    andastheeireinpaign

    oaddthese‘‘lostprovincestothenorthe

    untrybarbarossainor

    duringthesendcrusade;buthissonfrederickii;abrilliant

    youngnhhadbeenexposedtothecivilisation

    ofthehaedansofsicily;ntinuedthehe

    popesas

    tohavefeltadeepandseriousntetfortheroughchristian

    anknightsand

    theintriguingitalianpriestsbutheheldhistongue;

    onafroheinfidelandwas

    dulycroheholycityeventhisactdidnot

    placatethepopestheydeposedfrederickandgavehis

    italianpossessionstocharlesofanjou;thebrotherofthat

    kinglouisoffranceefausassaintlouis

    thisledtorehesonofnradiv;

    andthelastofthehohenstaufens;triedtoregainthekingdo

    andedanddecapitatedatnaplesbuttyyears

    later;thefrenchadetheelvesthoroughlyunpopular

    insicilyurderedduringthesocalledsicilian

    vespers;andsoit

    thequarrelbetperorswas

    neversettled;butafteraiesleaedto

    leaveeachotheralone

    intheyear1278;rudolphofhapsburgperor

    hedidnottakethetroubletogotorotobe

    croobjectandintutheykept

    ageythisantpeacebuttirecenturies

    ighthavebeenusedforthepurposeofinteal

    organisationhadbeenedinuselesswarfare

    itisanilleone

    thelittlecitiesofitaly;byaprocessofcarefulbalancing;

    hadnagedtoincreasetheirpoheirindependence

    attheexpenseofbotheerorsandpopesherush
………………………………

第36节

    fortheholylandbegan;theyohandlethetransportation

    problefthethousandsofeagerpilgriwhowere

    claringforpassage;andattheendofthecrusadesthey

    hadbuilttheelvessuchstrongdefencesofbrickandofgold

    thattheyulddefypopeandeerorhequalindifference

    churchandstatefoughteachotherandathirdpartythe

    diaevalcityranahthespoils

    thecrusades

    butallthesedifferentquarrels

    tenheturks

    tooktheholyland;desecratedthe

    holyplacesandinterferedseriously

    eastto

    europecrusading

    duringthreecenturiestherehadbeenpeacebetians

    andsleexceptinspainandintheeasteron

    eire;thetatesdefendingthegatewaysofeurope

    thehaedanshavingnqueredsyriaintheseventh

    centuryheholylandbuttheyregarded

    jesusasagreatprophetthoughnotquiteasgreat

    ashaed;andtheydidnotinterferes

    oprayinthechurchhelena;the

    theroftheeerostantine;hadbuiltonthespotof

    theholygravebutearlyintheeleventhcentury;atartar

    tribefroheheseljuksorturks;

    beohaedanstateineasiaand

    thentheperiodoftolerancecatoanendtheturkstook

    allofasianoratheeasteroneerors

    andtheydeanendtothetradebetand

    alexis;theeeror;hingofhischristian

    neighboursofthe;appealedforhelpandpointedto

    thedangerhreatenedeuropeshouldtheturkstake

    nstantinople

    theitaliancitiesablishedloniesalongthe

    astofasianorandpalestine;infearfortheirpossessions;

    reportedterriblestoriesofturkishatrocitiesandchristian

    sufferingalleuropegotexcited

    popeurbanii;afrens;whohadbeen

    educatedatthesafauscloisterofclunyhhad

    trainedgregoryvii;thoughtthatthetihadefor

    actionthegeneralstateofeuropesatisfactory

    thepritiveagriculturalthodsofthatdayunchanged

    sinescausedanstantscarcityoffoodthere

    ployntandhungerandtheseareapttoleadto

    disntentandriotsillions

    itgration

    thereforeattheunontinfranceintheyear

    1095thepopearose;describedtheterriblehorrorshe

    infidelshadinflictedupontheholyland;gaveaglowing

    descriptionofthisuntryoses

    hadbeenoverfloilkandhoney;andexhortedthe

    knightsoffranceandthepeopleofeuropeingeneralto

    leavetheturks

    aeriasacrossthentinent

    allreasonstoppednrandsaw;

    oftheirshopandtakethenearestroadtotheeast

    togoandkillturkschildrenesto‘‘go

    topalestineandbringtheterribleturkstotheirkneesby

    thereappealoftheiryouthfulzealandchristianpiety

    fullyniypercentofthoseenthusiastsnevergothin

    sightoftheholylandtheyhadnoneytheywere

    foreadanger

    tothesafetyofthehighroadsandtheyhe

    angryuntrypeople

    thefirstcrusade;aobofhonestchristians;defaulting

    bankrupts;pennilessnoblenandfugitivesfroustice;

    folloitander

    paignagainsttheinfidelsby

    rderingallthejetheytbythehey

    gotasfarashungaryandthentheywereallkilled

    thisexperien

    alonesettheholylandfreeorganisationwas

    asnecessaryasgoodin

    trainingandequippinganarof200;000ntheywere

    placedundedofgodfreyofbouillon;robert;duke

    ofnody;robert;untofflanders;andanuerof

    otheoblen;allexperiencedintheartofwar

    intheyear1096thissendcrusadestarteduponitslong

    voyageatnstantinopletheknightsdidhogetothe

    eerorforasihavetoldyou;traditionsdiehard;and

    aroneeror;hoillheld

    ingreatrespectthentheycrossedintoasia;killedallthe

    sleedjerusal
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