ofgunpoed‘‘chevalierofhis
forradvantageandtheuseofrcenariesdeitiossible
tonductabattlehthedelicatenicetiesofachess
touanttheknightbee
aridiculousfigure;hhisdevotiontoidealsthathadno
longeranypracticalvalueithatthenobledon
quixotedelanchahadbeenthelastofthetrueknights
afterhisdeath;histrustedsourweresold
topayhisdebts
butsohostohavefalleninto
thehandsofanuerofnoncarrieditduring
thehopelessdaysofvalleyforgeitheonlydefence
ofgordon;odesertthepeoplewhohad
beenentrustedtohiscare;andstayedtoethisdeathinthe
besiegedfortressofkhartou
andiaotquitesurebutthatitprovedofinvaluable
strengthinhegreatwar
popevseeror
thestrangedoubleloyaltyofthe
peopleoftheddleagesandhow
itledtoendlessquarrelsbetween
thepopesandtheholyroneerors
itisverydifficulttounderstandthepeopleofbygone
agesyouroyouseeeveryday;isa
steriousbeingworldofideasand
annersiaoe
ofyourgrandfathersoved;
andidonotexpeeaningofie
beroftis
theaveragenoftheddleageslivedaverysile
anduneventfullifeevenifheizen;ableto
eandgoathisownneighbourhood
thereanuscripts
hereandthere;asllbandofindustriousnkstaught
readingandearithticbutscienceandhistory
andgeographylayburiedbeneaththeruinsofgreeceand
ro
everpeoplekhepasttheyhadleaedby
listeningtostoriesandlegendssuation;hgoes
froathertoson;isoftenslightlyinrrectindetails;but
itainfactsofhistoryhastonishing
accuracyafterrethantothersof
indiastillfrightentheiaughtychildrenbytellingthehat
‘‘iskander;andiskanderisnoneotherthan
alexanderthegreat;edindiaintheyear330before
thebirthofchrist;butoryhaslivedthroughallthese
ages
thepeopleoftheearlyddleagesneversaextbook
ofronhistorytheyanythings
odayknoered
thethirdgradebuttheroneire;erelya
natoyou;sothingverychalivethey
feltittheyhepopeastheirspiritual
leaderbecausehelivedinroandrepresentedtheideaof
theronsuperpoheyeful
agne;andaftertothegreat;revived
theideaofapireandan
eire;thattheightagainbeasitalwayshadbeen
butthefactthatthereheirstothe
rontraditionplaiddle
agesinadiffiediaeval
politicalsysteleheworldly
stertheeerorlookedafterthephysicalwellbeingof
hissubjects;thespiritualsterthepopeguardedtheir
souls
inpractice;hohe
eerorinvariablytriedtointerferehtheaffairsofthe
perorhow
heshouldrulehisdoinsthentheytoldeaind
theirooniouslanguageandthe
inevitableendwaswar
underthosecircutances;hepeopletodo;
agoodchristianobeyedboththepopeandhiskingbut
thepopeandtheeerorieshsideshould
adutifulsubjectandanequallydutifulchristiantake
itogivetherrectanshe
eerorhappenedtobeanofenergyandly
oneytoorganiseanar;hewasvery
apttoare;besiegethepope
inhisooobey
theierialinstructionsorsufferthensequences
butrefrequentlythepop
………………………………
第35节
ehestrongerthenthe
eerororthekingtogetherhallhissubjectswas
exnicatedthisantthatallchurcheshatno
oneuldbebaptised;thatnodyingnuldbegivenabsolution
inshort;thathalfofthefunediaevalgovent
catoanend
rethanthat;thepeopletheiroathof
loyaltytotheirsovereignandorebelagainsttheir
sterbutiftheyfollohisadviceofthedistantpope
and;theyheiearbylege
lordandthattoo
indeed;thepoorfellopositionand
nonefaredhanthosehelatterhalfof
theeleventhany
andpopegregoryviifoughtattleh
deostfifty
years
intheddleoftheeleventhcenturytherehadbeena
strongventforrefothechurchtheelectionofthe
popes;thusfar;hadbeenastirregularaffairitothe
advantageoftheholyroneerorstohaveawelldisposed
priestelee
toroatthetiofelectionandusedtheirinfluencefor
thebenefitofoneoftheirfriends
intheyear1059thishadbeenchangedbyadecreeof
popenicholasiitheprincipalpriestsanddeansofthe
eotheso
inent
churchntheeantprincipalwasgiven
theexclusivepoingthefuturepopes
intheyear1073thellegeofcardinalselectedapriest
bythenaofhildebrand;thesonofverysileparentsin
tuseofgregoryvii
hisenergyepowers
ofhisholyofficeuponagraniterockofnviction
andurageinthendofgregory;thepopeonly
theabsoluteheadofthechristianchurch;butalsothehighest
urtofappealinallattersthepopewhohad
elevatedsilegeprinperor
ulddeposethetoanylawpassedby
dukeorkingoreeror;butiona
papaldecree;lethieentwouldbe
serciless
gregorysentaassadorstoalltheeuropeanurtsto
inforhepotentatesofeuropeofhisnewlawsandasked
theotakeduenoticeoftheitentsthenqueror
prosedtobegood;buthenryiv;heage
ofsixhadbeenfightinghhissubjects;hadnointentionof
subttingtothepapalogetherallegeof
gebishops;aeunderthe
sunandthenhadhieposedbytheuncilofs
thepopeansniand
thatthegeprincesridtheelvesoftheirunhyruler
thegeprinces;onlytoohappytoberidofhenry;asked
thepopetoetoaugsburgandhelpthelectaneperor
gregoryleftroandtravellednorthwardhenry;
edthedangerofhispositionat
allstshestkepeaceustdo
itatonceinthedstoferhecrossedthealpsand
hastenedtocanossahepopehadstoppedforashort
restthreelongdays;frohe25thtothe28thofjanuary
oftheyear1077;henry;dressedasapenitentpilgribr 》
butsonkishgarb;
edoutsidethegatesofthecastleofcanossa
thenheoenterandwaspardonedfor
hissinsbuttherepentancedidnotlastlong
assoonashenryhadretuedtogey;hebehaved
exaunicatedforthe
sendtiaunanbishopsdeposedgregory;
butthisti;healpshe
theheadofalargear;besiegedroandforcedgregory
toretiretosaleo;violent
outbreakdecidednothingassoonashenrykin
gey;thestrugglebetperorinued
thehohenstaufenfalyperial
gethroneshortlyafteroreindependent
thantheirpredeedthatthe
popesoallkingsbecausetheythepopesat
thedayofjudgenthebehaviour
ofallthesheepoftheirflock;andintheeyesofgod;aking
hatfaithfulherd
frederionlyknownasbarbarossa
orredbeard;setuptheunterclaihattheeire
hadbeenbestoself
andastheeireinpaign
oaddthese‘‘lostprovincestothenorthe
untrybarbarossainor
duringthesendcrusade;buthissonfrederickii;abrilliant
youngnhhadbeenexposedtothecivilisation
ofthehaedansofsicily;ntinuedthehe
popesas
tohavefeltadeepandseriousntetfortheroughchristian
anknightsand
theintriguingitalianpriestsbutheheldhistongue;
onafroheinfidelandwas
dulycroheholycityeventhisactdidnot
placatethepopestheydeposedfrederickandgavehis
italianpossessionstocharlesofanjou;thebrotherofthat
kinglouisoffranceefausassaintlouis
thisledtorehesonofnradiv;
andthelastofthehohenstaufens;triedtoregainthekingdo
andedanddecapitatedatnaplesbuttyyears
later;thefrenchadetheelvesthoroughlyunpopular
insicilyurderedduringthesocalledsicilian
vespers;andsoit
thequarrelbetperorswas
neversettled;butafteraiesleaedto
leaveeachotheralone
intheyear1278;rudolphofhapsburgperor
hedidnottakethetroubletogotorotobe
croobjectandintutheykept
ageythisantpeacebuttirecenturies
ighthavebeenusedforthepurposeofinteal
organisationhadbeenedinuselesswarfare
itisanilleone
thelittlecitiesofitaly;byaprocessofcarefulbalancing;
hadnagedtoincreasetheirpoheirindependence
attheexpenseofbotheerorsandpopesherush
………………………………
第36节
fortheholylandbegan;theyohandlethetransportation
problefthethousandsofeagerpilgriwhowere
claringforpassage;andattheendofthecrusadesthey
hadbuilttheelvessuchstrongdefencesofbrickandofgold
thattheyulddefypopeandeerorhequalindifference
churchandstatefoughteachotherandathirdpartythe
diaevalcityranahthespoils
thecrusades
butallthesedifferentquarrels
tenheturks
tooktheholyland;desecratedthe
holyplacesandinterferedseriously
eastto
europecrusading
duringthreecenturiestherehadbeenpeacebetians
andsleexceptinspainandintheeasteron
eire;thetatesdefendingthegatewaysofeurope
thehaedanshavingnqueredsyriaintheseventh
centuryheholylandbuttheyregarded
jesusasagreatprophetthoughnotquiteasgreat
ashaed;andtheydidnotinterferes
oprayinthechurchhelena;the
theroftheeerostantine;hadbuiltonthespotof
theholygravebutearlyintheeleventhcentury;atartar
tribefroheheseljuksorturks;
beohaedanstateineasiaand
thentheperiodoftolerancecatoanendtheturkstook
allofasianoratheeasteroneerors
andtheydeanendtothetradebetand
alexis;theeeror;hingofhischristian
neighboursofthe;appealedforhelpandpointedto
thedangerhreatenedeuropeshouldtheturkstake
nstantinople
theitaliancitiesablishedloniesalongthe
astofasianorandpalestine;infearfortheirpossessions;
reportedterriblestoriesofturkishatrocitiesandchristian
sufferingalleuropegotexcited
popeurbanii;afrens;whohadbeen
educatedatthesafauscloisterofclunyhhad
trainedgregoryvii;thoughtthatthetihadefor
actionthegeneralstateofeuropesatisfactory
thepritiveagriculturalthodsofthatdayunchanged
sinescausedanstantscarcityoffoodthere
ployntandhungerandtheseareapttoleadto
disntentandriotsillions
itgration
thereforeattheunontinfranceintheyear
1095thepopearose;describedtheterriblehorrorshe
infidelshadinflictedupontheholyland;gaveaglowing
descriptionofthisuntryoses
hadbeenoverfloilkandhoney;andexhortedthe
knightsoffranceandthepeopleofeuropeingeneralto
leavetheturks
aeriasacrossthentinent
allreasonstoppednrandsaw;
oftheirshopandtakethenearestroadtotheeast
togoandkillturkschildrenesto‘‘go
topalestineandbringtheterribleturkstotheirkneesby
thereappealoftheiryouthfulzealandchristianpiety
fullyniypercentofthoseenthusiastsnevergothin
sightoftheholylandtheyhadnoneytheywere
foreadanger
tothesafetyofthehighroadsandtheyhe
angryuntrypeople
thefirstcrusade;aobofhonestchristians;defaulting
bankrupts;pennilessnoblenandfugitivesfroustice;
folloitander
paignagainsttheinfidelsby
rderingallthejetheytbythehey
gotasfarashungaryandthentheywereallkilled
thisexperien
alonesettheholylandfreeorganisationwas
asnecessaryasgoodin
trainingandequippinganarof200;000ntheywere
placedundedofgodfreyofbouillon;robert;duke
ofnody;robert;untofflanders;andanuerof
otheoblen;allexperiencedintheartofwar
intheyear1096thissendcrusadestarteduponitslong
voyageatnstantinopletheknightsdidhogetothe
eerorforasihavetoldyou;traditionsdiehard;and
aroneeror;hoillheld
ingreatrespectthentheycrossedintoasia;killedallthe
sleedjerusal
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