thattheunitedstateshadbeenfoundedbythirteenlonies
andnotbyasingleone；thatthestpronentleadersofthe
firsttvirginia；frobr 》
pennsylvania；andfroheislandofnevis；ratherthanfrobr 》
ssachusetts；andthatthereforethepuritansoughttontent
theelvesap
nextcatheprehistoricspecialisteof
thegreattyrannosaurhadinotdevotedrespacetothe
en；h
ahighstageofcivilisation10；000yearsago
indeed；andpleidonottake
aseof
ourstnotedanthropologistsseeodorousseauand
thephilosophersoftheeighteenthcenturycreatedthe‘‘noble
savageohavedinastateofperfect
happinessduringthebeginningoftiourdescientists
havediscardedthe‘‘noblesavage；sodearlybelovedby
ourgrandfathers；andtheyhavereplacedhiythe‘‘splendid
savageofthefrenchvalleysadean
endtotheuniversalruleoftheloliving
brutesoftheneanderthalandothergeieighbourhoods
theyhaveshoagnonpainted
andthestatuesheh
chglory
idonotantosaythattheyareiholdthat
oolittleofthisentireperiodtorenstruct
thatearlyeuropeansocietyhanydegreehowever
huleofaccuracyandiheotstatecertain
thingsthanruntheriskofstatingcertainthingsthat
so
thenthereeofdirect
unfaiesssuchuntriesasireland
andbulgariaandsiaeruntries
ashollandandicelandandsyanswer
selves
inbyinforstances；andisilyuld
notkeeptheutandinorderthatpointybeunderstood；
letstatethebasisuponeershipto
thisbookofhistoryonsidered
thereonerule‘‘didtheuntryortheperson
inquestionproduceaneanoriginalact
anracewouldhave
beendifferentitaquestionofpersonaltasteit
atterofol；alsttheticaljudgntnorace
everplayedarepiongolians；
andnorace；frohepointofvieentor
intelligentprogress；ankind
thecareeroftiglathpileser；theassyrian；isfullof
draticepisodesbutasfarasightjust
asehehistory
ofthedutchrepublicisnotinterestingbecauseonceupona
tithesailorsofderuyteres；
butratherbealldbankalong
theshoresofthenorthseaofferedahospitableasyluoall
sortsofstrangepeoplesofqueerideasupon
allsortsofveryunpopularsubjects
itisquitetruetha
………………………………
第106节
tathensorflorence；duringtheheyday
oftheirglory；hadonlyoenthofthepopulationofkansas
citybutourpresentcivilisation
hadneitherofthesetediterraneanbasin
existedandthesahdueapologiestothegoodpeople
ofetropolis
onthessouririver
andsinceiaeingverypersonal；alloetostateone
otherfact
or；beforehandher
heisasurgeonoradiagnostieopathorafaith
healer；foranglehe
ourplainttobeascarefulinthechoiceofour
historiansasheselectionofourphysicianswe
think；‘‘ohoryishistory；andletitgoatthatbut
theeredinastrictlypresbyterianhousehold
sohebacklandwilllookdiffer
entlyuponeveryquestionofhunrelationshipsfrois
neighbourolistentothebrilliant
exhortationsofrobertingersoll；theeneofallrevealed
devilsindueurseofti；bothnyforgettheir
earlytrainingandneveragainvisiteitherchurchorlecture
hallbuttheinfluenpressionableyearsstays
andtheycannotescapeshoineverthey
eorsayordo
intheprefacetothisbook；itoldyouthatishouldnotbe
aninfallibleguideandnoostreachedthe
end；irepeattheedinan
atsphereoftheoldfashionedliberalishadfollowed
thedisveriesofdarheotherpioneersofthenieenth
ostof
hanunclellectorofthe
booksontaigne；thegreatfrenchessayistofthe
sixteenthcenturybecauseiand
educatedinthecityofgouda；iranntinuallyacross
erassandforsounknohisgreatexponent
oftoleranyintolerantselflateridisvered
anatolefranceandfirstexperiencehtheenglish
languagecaaboutthroughanaccidentalenunterh
thaoreiression
uponthananyotherbookintheenglishlanguage
ifihadbeenboinapleasantddleecityiprobably
shouldhaveanshihad
heardinyearliestrelleusic
goesbaothertooktohear
nothinglessthanabachfugueandthetheticalperfection
ofthegreatprotestantsterinfluencedtosuch
anextentthatinsofourprayer
etingshoutafeelingofintenseagonyanddirectpain
again；ifihadbeenboinitalyandhadbeened
bythesunshineofthehappyvalleyoftheao；ightlove
nylourfulandsunnypictureseindifferent
beyfirstartisticiressionsinauntry
heraresunbeatsdoherainsoakedlandh
alstcruelbrutalityandthrohingintoviolentntrasts
ofdarkandlight
istatethesefeayknow
thepersonalbiasofthenay
understandhispointofvietheendof
thisbook；sallsortsofopinionsandviews；will
allopareideashthoseofotherpeople
andinthisoreachyourownfinal
nclusionshagreaterdegreeoffaiessthanwould
otherwisebepossible
afterthisshortbutnecessaryexcursion；utothe
historyofthelastfiftyyearsnythingshappenedduring
thisperiodbutverylittleoccurredeseed
tobeofparauntiortancethejorityofthegreater
poerepoliticalagenciesandbecalarge
businessenterprisestheybuiltrailroadstheyfoundedand
subsidizedsteahiplinestoallpartsofthehey
nnectedtheirdifferentpossessionshtelegraphwires
andtheysteadilyincreasedtheirholdingsinothetinents
everyavailablebitofafricanorasiaticterritoryed
byoneoftherivalpoealonialnation
and
tonkinineasteasiageyclaidpartsofsouth
andeastafrica；builtsettlentsinkaroononthe
anyofthe
islandsofthepacific；andusedtherderofafeissionaries
asaeexcusetotaketheharbourofkisochauonthe
yelloalytriedherluckinabyssinia；was
disastrouslydefeatedbythesoldiersofthenegus；andnsoled
herselfbyoccupyingtheturkishpossessionsintripoli
innortheafricarussia；havingoccupiedallofsiberia；
tookportarthurachinajapan；havingdefeated
chinaintheosaand
intheyear1905begantolaypireof
reaintheyear1883england；thelargestlonialeire
theookto‘‘protectegyptshe
perfordthistasksteffiaterial
benefitofthatchneglecteduntry；he
openingofthesuezcanalin1868hadbeenthreatenedha
foreigninvasionduringthenextthirtyyearsshefoughta
nueroflonialpartsoftheworldandin
1902afterthreeyearsofbitterfightingshenqueredthe
independentboerrepublicsofthetransvaalandtheorange
freestateano
laythefoundationsforagreatafricanstate；hreached
froheouthofthenile；andhadfaithfully
pickedupsuchislandsorprovincesashadbeenlefthout
aeuropeanowner
theshre；bynaleopold；used
thedisveriesofhenrystanleytofoundthengofree
stateintheyear1885originallythisgigantipire
onarchybutafteyyearsof
sisnagent；ithebelgian
peopleadeitalonyintheyear1908andabolished
theterribleabusesoleratedbythisvery
unsajesty；hingforthefateofthe
nativesaslongashegothisivoryandrubber
asfortheunitedstates；theyhadsochlandthatthey
desirednofurtherterritorybuttheterriblesruleof
cuba；oneofthelastofthespanishpossessionsinthee
hesphere；practicallyforcedthee
………………………………
第107节
ntto
takeactionafterashortandratheruneventfulhe
spaniardsofcubaandpuertoriandthe
philippines；andtheteloniesoftheunited
states
thisenoentofthely
naturaltheincreasingnueroffactoriesinenglandand
franceandgeyneededaneverincreasingauntofraw
terialsandtheequallyincreasingnuerofeuropean
ountoffoodeverywhere
thearkets；forre
easilyainesandrubberplantations
andoilersuppliesofandgrain
thepurelypoliticaleventsoftheeuropeanntinent
dereinsignifienwhowere
kingplansforsteaoatlinesonvictorianyanzaor
forrailroadsthroughtheinteriorofshantungtheyknew
thatnyeuropeanquestionsstillreinedtobesettled；but
theydidnotbother；andthroughsheerindifferenceandcarelessness
theybestoheirdescendantsaterribleinheritance
ofhateandseryforuntoldcenturiesthesoutheaste
erofeuropehadbeenthesceneofrebellionandbloodshed
duringtheseventiesofthelastcenturythepeopleof
serbiaandbulgariaandntenegroandrouniae
retryingtogaintheirfreedondtheturkshthe
supportofnyoftheeporyingtoprevent
this
afteraperiodofpartiassacresinbulgaria
intheyear1876；therussianpeoplelostallpatience
thegoventckinley
ogotocubaandstoptheshootingsquads
ofgeneralheyear1877the
russianaresedtheshipkapass；
andafterthearchedsouthilthey
reachedthegatesofnstantinopleturkeyappealedfor
helptoenglandthereanyenglishpeopleed
theirgoventtookthesideofthesultan
butdisraelipressof
indiaandhepicturesqueturksedthe
russiansallycrueltothejehin
theirfrontiersdecidedtointerfererussiao
ncludethepeaceofsanstefano1878andthequestionof
thebalkanstoangressberlin
injuneandjulyofthesayear
thisfausnferenceinatedbythepersonality
ofdisraelievenbisrckfearedthecleverold
nearrogance；
teeredbyaorandarvellousgift
forflatteryatberlinthebritishprinistercarefully
ontenegro；
serbiaandrounias
theprincipalityofbulgariaiindependent
statusunderprincealexanderofbattenberg；a
nephenoneofthoseuntries
hechancetodeveloptheirpoheirresources
astheyodo；hadenglandbeen
lessanxiousaboutthefateofthesultan；ainswere
nepireasabulwark
againstfurtherrussianaggression
tokettershengressalloriato
takebosniaandherzegovinaatheturkstobe
‘‘adnisteredaspartofthehabsburgdoinsitistrue
thataustriadeanexcellentjobofittheneglectedprovinces
anagedasthebestofthebritishlonies；
andthatissayingagreatdealbuttheyedby
nyserbiansinolderdaystheyhadbeenpartofthegreat
serbianeireofstephandushan；hefourteenth
centuryhaddefendedeeuropeagainsttheinvasions
oftheturksandalofuskubhadbeena
bus
disveredtheneebr 》
beredtheirancientgloryastheyresented
thepresenceoftheaustriansinthey
felt；heirsbyeveryrightoftradition
andithecapitalofbosnia；thatthe
archdukeferdinand；heirtotheaustrianthrone；urdered
onjune28oftheyear1914theassassinwasaserbian
studentpurelypatriotictives
buttheblaforthisterriblecatastrophehe
iediate；thoughnottheonlycauseofthegreatworldwar
didnotliehthehalfcrazyserbianboyorhisaustrian
vious
berlinnferenceaterial
s
ofaforgottenraceinadrearyeroftheoldbalkan
peninsula
aneorld
thegreathe
struggleforanewand
betterworld
therquisdendorcethenoblestcharacters
angthesllgroupofhonestenthusiastswhowere
responsiblefortheoutbreakofthegreatfrenchrevolution
hehaddevotedhislifetothecauseofthepoorandtheunfortunate
hehadbeenoneoftheassistantsofdaleertand
diderotousencyclopedieduring
thefirstyearsoftherevolutionhehadbeentheleaderofthe
deratehenvention
histoleranonsense；had
dehinobjectofsuspicionhetreasonoftheking
andtheurtcliquehadgiventheextreradicalstheirchance
togetholdofthegoventandkilltheiropponents
ndorcetlacast
ercyofeverytruepatriothis
friendsoffere