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¡£And¡¡if¡¡there¡¡are¡¡some¡¡who¡¡think¡¡that¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡who¡¡conveys¡¡an¡¡impressionof¡¡his¡¡wisdom¡¡is¡¡not¡¡so¡¡through¡¡his¡¡own¡¡ability£»¡¡but¡¡through¡¡the¡¡goodadvisers¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡around¡¡him£»¡¡beyond¡¡doubt¡¡they¡¡are¡¡deceived£»¡¡becausethis¡¡is¡¡an¡¡axiom¡¡which¡¡never¡¡fails£º¡¡that¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡who¡¡is¡¡not¡¡wisehimself¡¡will¡¡never¡¡take¡¡good¡¡advice£»¡¡unless¡¡by¡¡chance¡¡he¡¡has¡¡yielded¡¡hisaffairs¡¡entirely¡¡to¡¡one¡¡person¡¡who¡¡happens¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡very¡¡prudent¡¡man¡£¡¡Inthis¡¡case¡¡indeed¡¡he¡¡may¡¡be¡¡well¡¡governed£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡for¡¡long£»because¡¡such¡¡a¡¡governor¡¡would¡¡in¡¡a¡¡short¡¡time¡¡take¡¡away¡¡his¡¡state¡¡fromhim¡£But¡¡if¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡who¡¡is¡¡not¡¡experienced¡¡should¡¡take¡¡counsel¡¡from¡¡morethan¡¡one¡¡he¡¡will¡¡never¡¡get¡¡united¡¡counsels£»¡¡nor¡¡will¡¡he¡¡know¡¡how¡¡tounite¡¡them¡£¡¡Each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡counsellors¡¡will¡¡think¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own¡¡interests£»¡¡andthe¡¡prince¡¡will¡¡not¡¡know¡¡how¡¡to¡¡control¡¡them¡¡or¡¡to¡¡see¡¡through¡¡them¡£¡¡Andthey¡¡are¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡otherwise£»¡¡because¡¡men¡¡will¡¡always¡¡prove¡¡untrueto¡¡you¡¡unless¡¡they¡¡are¡¡kept¡¡honest¡¡by¡¡constraint¡£¡¡Therefore¡¡it¡¡must¡¡beinferred¡¡that¡¡good¡¡counsels£»¡¡whencesoever¡¡they¡¡e£»¡¡are¡¡born¡¡of¡¡thewisdom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡prince£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡the¡¡wisdom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡from¡¡goodcounsels¡£CHAPTER¡¡XXIVTHE¡¡PRINCES¡¡OF¡¡ITALY¡¡HAVE¡¡LOST¡¡THEIR¡¡STATESTHE¡¡previous¡¡suggestions£»¡¡carefully¡¡observed£»¡¡will¡¡enable¡¡a¡¡new¡¡princeto¡¡appear¡¡well¡¡established£»¡¡and¡¡render¡¡him¡¡at¡¡once¡¡more¡¡secure¡¡and¡¡fixedin¡¡the¡¡state¡¡than¡¡if¡¡he¡¡had¡¡been¡¡long¡¡seated¡¡there¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡actions¡¡of¡¡anew¡¡prince¡¡are¡¡more¡¡narrowly¡¡observed¡¡than¡¡those¡¡of¡¡an¡¡hereditary¡¡one£»and¡¡when¡¡they¡¡are¡¡seen¡¡to¡¡be¡¡able¡¡they¡¡gain¡¡more¡¡men¡¡and¡¡bind¡¡fartighter¡¡than¡¡ancient¡¡blood£»¡¡because¡¡men¡¡are¡¡attracted¡¡more¡¡by¡¡thepresent¡¡than¡¡by¡¡the¡¡past£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡they¡¡find¡¡the¡¡present¡¡good¡¡they¡¡enjoyit¡¡and¡¡seek¡¡no¡¡further£»¡¡they¡¡will¡¡also¡¡make¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡defence¡¡for¡¡aprince¡¡if¡¡he¡¡fails¡¡them¡¡not¡¡in¡¡other¡¡things¡£¡¡Thus¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡a¡¡doubleglory¡¡to¡¡him¡¡to¡¡have¡¡established¡¡a¡¡new¡¡principality£»¡¡and¡¡adorned¡¡andstrengthened¡¡it¡¡with¡¡good¡¡laws£»¡¡good¡¡arms£»¡¡good¡¡allies£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡a¡¡goodexample£»¡¡so¡¡will¡¡it¡¡be¡¡a¡¡double¡¡disgrace¡¡to¡¡him¡¡who£»¡¡born¡¡a¡¡prince£»shall¡¡lose¡¡his¡¡state¡¡by¡¡want¡¡of¡¡wisdom¡£And¡¡if¡¡those¡¡seigniors¡¡are¡¡considered¡¡who¡¡have¡¡lost¡¡their¡¡states¡¡inItaly¡¡in¡¡our¡¡times£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡the¡¡King¡¡of¡¡Naples£»¡¡the¡¡Duke¡¡of¡¡Milan£»¡¡andothers£»¡¡there¡¡will¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡them£»¡¡firstly£»¡¡one¡¡mon¡¡defect¡¡inregard¡¡to¡¡arms¡¡from¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡which¡¡have¡¡been¡¡discussed¡¡at¡¡length£»¡¡inthe¡¡next¡¡place£»¡¡some¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡will¡¡be¡¡seen£»¡¡either¡¡to¡¡have¡¡had¡¡thepeople¡¡hostile£»¡¡or¡¡if¡¡he¡¡has¡¡had¡¡the¡¡people¡¡friendly£»¡¡he¡¡has¡¡not¡¡knownhow¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡the¡¡nobles¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡absence¡¡of¡¡these¡¡defects¡¡states¡¡thathave¡¡power¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡an¡¡army¡¡in¡¡the¡¡field¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡lost¡£Philip¡¡of¡¡Macedon£»¡¡not¡¡the¡¡father¡¡of¡¡Alexander¡¡the¡¡Great£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡who¡¡wasconquered¡¡by¡¡Titus¡¡Quintius£»¡¡had¡¡not¡¡much¡¡territory¡¡pared¡¡to¡¡thegreatness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡and¡¡of¡¡Greece¡¡who¡¡attacked¡¡him£»¡¡yet¡¡being¡¡awarlike¡¡man¡¡who¡¡knew¡¡how¡¡to¡¡attract¡¡the¡¡people¡¡and¡¡secure¡¡the¡¡nobles£»¡¡hesustained¡¡the¡¡war¡¡against¡¡his¡¡enemies¡¡for¡¡many¡¡years£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡in¡¡the¡¡endhe¡¡lost¡¡the¡¡dominion¡¡of¡¡some¡¡cities£»¡¡nevertheless¡¡he¡¡retained¡¡thekingdom¡£Therefore£»¡¡do¡¡not¡¡let¡¡our¡¡princes¡¡accuse¡¡fortune¡¡for¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡theirprincipalities¡¡after¡¡so¡¡many¡¡years'¡¡possession£»¡¡but¡¡rather¡¡their¡¡oes¡¡they¡¡never¡¡thought¡¡there¡¡could¡¡be¡¡a¡¡change£¨it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡mon¡¡defect¡¡in¡¡man¡¡not¡¡to¡¡make¡¡any¡¡provision¡¡in¡¡the¡¡calmagainst¡¡the¡¡tempest£©£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡afterwards¡¡the¡¡bad¡¡times¡¡came¡¡theythought¡¡of¡¡flight¡¡and¡¡not¡¡of¡¡defending¡¡themselves£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡hoped¡¡thatthe¡¡people£»¡¡disgusted¡¡with¡¡the¡¡insolence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡conquerors£»¡¡would¡¡recallthem¡£¡¡This¡¡course£»¡¡when¡¡others¡¡fail£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡good£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡very¡¡bad¡¡tohave¡¡neglected¡¡all¡¡other¡¡expedients¡¡for¡¡that£»¡¡since¡¡you¡¡would¡¡never¡¡wishto¡¡fall¡¡because¡¡you¡¡trusted¡¡to¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡find¡¡someone¡¡later¡¡on¡¡torestore¡¡you¡£¡¡This¡¡again¡¡either¡¡does¡¡not¡¡happen£»¡¡or£»¡¡if¡¡it¡¡does£»¡¡it¡¡willnot¡¡be¡¡for¡¡your¡¡security£»¡¡because¡¡that¡¡deliverance¡¡is¡¡of¡¡no¡¡avail¡¡whichdoes¡¡not¡¡depend¡¡upon¡¡yourself£»¡¡those¡¡only¡¡are¡¡reliable£»¡¡certain£»¡¡anddurable¡¡that¡¡depend¡¡on¡¡yourself¡¡and¡¡your¡¡valour¡£CHAPTER¡¡XXVWHAT¡¡FORTUNE¡¡CAN¡¡EFFECT¡¡IN¡¡HUMAN¡¡AFFAIRS£»¡¡AND¡¡HOW¡¡TO¡¡WITHSTAND¡¡HERIT¡¡is¡¡not¡¡unknown¡¡to¡¡me¡¡how¡¡many¡¡men¡¡have¡¡had£»¡¡and¡¡still¡¡have£»¡¡theopinion¡¡that¡¡the¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡are¡¡in¡¡such¡¡wise¡¡governed¡¡byfortune¡¡and¡¡by¡¡God¡¡that¡¡men¡¡with¡¡their¡¡wisdom¡¡cann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